IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group Bulletin
©IUCN/SCC Otter Specialist Group Volume 40(A) Special Issue (December 2023) Citation: Camp, V.L. (2023). A Bibliography on the North American River Otter Lontra canadensis. Tenth Edition. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 40 (A): 2 - 70 A Bibliography On The North American River Otter Lontra canadensis. Tenth Edition Victor L. Camp 1 1The Water School Department of Ecology and Environmental Studies , Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, FL USA. |
 |
Originally published August 2013; revised February 2014 as IUCN OSG Bull. 30(A), 2013 (First Edition) |
| Download PDF (1 MB) |
INTRODUCTION
It is now November 2023 and I‘ve lived in Florida for 16 years. Over these years I continually meet people and we become acquainted, and they eventually discover I’m a zoologist who studies the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) here in south Florida. And, of course I hand them one of my business cards from Florida Gulf Coast University where I’m a Courtesy Faculty member in the Department of Ecology & Environment Studies in the College of The Water School. As they view the front of the business card they are introduced to my river otter website at riverotterssouthfl.com. After a few moments, I request they turn over the card where I provide instructions on how to contact me and what they should tell me about the otter(s) they observe.
During these first meetings I discover many of these people are interested in animals and want to share their interests and observations. Invariably someone will tell me they saw an otter in the pond, creek, river, other type of waterway behind or near their house. Some have told me they saw an otter or two or three walking down a quiet road built next to a drainage ditch, small canal or harbor that is connected to a nearby river. People have seen otters running across two lane roadways or, with misfortune, attempting to cross an interstate highway. Others tell me they always see otters in the ponds in their gated community which is a relatively large housing development surrounded by a fence and having restricted access. Golfers tell me they see otters on the golf course. One couple told me about the otter that returned on several occasions to eat all the koi in the pond outside their restaurant. As a consequence of these conversations, I decided to keep a log of otter sightings. With this relatively prevalent species all around me I considered a number of otter research projects I might undertake where I live near the coast of southwest Florida.
The next step was to gather information on the North American river otter. When I first published this bibliography, I did not have access to a library at a major university, and was neither a student nor a faculty member. A literature search was conducted from books and hard copies of scientific articles I had at my immediate disposal, and from scientific journal articles published directly online or stored in the extensive online journal storage databases. Literature Cited sections of these articles were reviewed. It was evident, early in the literature search, that an up-to-date bibliography did not exist for Lontra [Lutra] canadensis. I knew the literature search I was conducting would have to be very extensive to satisfy my curiosity. As the bibliography evolved, I realized it would be worth sharing when completed.
A conscious decision was made regarding inclusion of articles in the bibliography. The title of many articles did not contain a direct reference to otters and were not included in the bibliography. The title of other articles neither included the scientific name of the North American river otter nor “North American” or “Nearctic” and only made reference to “river otters” or “otters.” When the content of these articles was reviewed, and it was evident the article referred to the North American river otter, the article was included in the bibliography.
The bibliography was originally compiled for those undergraduate and graduate students searching for publications relative to a potential research project on the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) and for independent scientists with an interest in the North American river otter, who do not have access to library at a major university. Hopefully, this and previous publications of this bibliography, will be of value to those scientists planning to expand their scientific investigations on the North American river otter.
In the seventh edition, it was decided to omit publications listed on the internet as in preparation, press, or review; electronically published (ahead of journal publication); and those “watch for” publications. Publications from websites will continue to remain part of the bibliography. In addition, beginning with the seventh revision,
New and recently discovered publications are included in the main body of the bibliography and also in a separately published addendum. This allows individuals, who have a complete version of the previous year’s bibliography, to download the new and recently publications separate from the entire bibliography.
Accessing citations can occur through downloading the citation tile alone or via a hyperlink. Originally hyperlinks were not added to the earlier versions of this bibliography. However, hyperlinks are now being gradually being added to the citation titles in the bibliography. while all the new and recently discovered citations in the Addendum contain hyperlinks if they are available. If a hyperlink cannot be located for a citation the statement the words “No hyperlink located” follow the citation. The hyperlinks used in the bibliographic resources are either a DOI (digital object identifier) or a URL (Universal Resource Locator).
Should you be conducting or planning to conduct research on any of the three otters in North America - Sea otter (Enhydra lutris), North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), or Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) - I wish to recommend you tell your research colleagues about your initiative(s). The IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) hosts a publication entitled The North American Otter Chronicles (NAOC) available at https://www.otterchronicles.org. The “Chronicles” was modelled after “The River Otter Journal” (ROJ) and all publications of the “Journal” are held as “A Historical Archive” only in the “Chronicles”. You can locate the information on how to submit an article to the Chronicles by going to the top of the Chronicles Home page and clicking on CHRONICLES. Once in, click on “How to submit an article to the Chronicles”. You can also access all the ROJ publications by clicking on RIVER OTTER JOURNAL at the top of the Home page.
20 November 2023
A Bibliography on the North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis)
10th Edition
Compiled by
Victor L. Camp
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
| I | J | K | M
O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z
Web Pages
Aarden, K., Dethier, M., & Dobkowski, K. (2014). Spring Diet of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the San Juan Islands of Washington State. 9 pages. University of Washington, ResearchWorks, Friday Harbor Laboratories Student Research Papers, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/27248
Abderholden, F. (2018). Otters making a comeback in Lake County and throughout the state. Lake County News-Sun, April 11, 2018.
Abram, J.B. and J.R. Lichtenfels. (1974). Larval Eustrongylide ssp.(Nemotoda: Dioctopphyma toidea) from otter (Lutra canadensis) in Maryland. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 41(2): 253.
Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A., M. Lance, and B. Buzzell. (2014). Spatial and temporal variation in river otter (Lontra canadensis) diet and predation on rockfish (Genus Sebastes) in the San Juan Islands, Washington. Aquatic Mammals, 40(2): 150-161.
Addison, E.M., G.A. Fox, and M. Gilbertson. (eds.). (1991). Proceedings of the expert consultation meeting on mink and otter. March 5 and 6, 1991. Sponsored by Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Windsor, Ontario. 30 pp.
Addison, E.M., M.A. Strickland, A.B. Stephenson, and J. Hoeve. (1988). Cranial lesions possibly associated with Skrjabingylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) infections in martens, fishers, and otters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66(10): 2155-2159.
Agnew, M. A.M. Zajac, S.A. Smith, and M. Fies. (2009). Parasites of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) in Virginia. USA. International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine. (no additional publication information located, V.L. Camp)
Albeke, S.E., N.P. Nibbelink, L. Mu, and D.J. Ellsworth. (2010). Measuring boundary convexity at multiple spatial scales using a linear “moving window” analysis: an application to coastal river otter habitat selection. Landscape Ecology, 25(10): 1575-1587.
Albeke, S.E., N.P. Nibberlink, and M. Ben-David. (2015). Modeling behavior by coastal river otter (Lontra canadensis) in response to prey availability in Prince William Sound, Alaska: A spatially- explicit individual-based approach. PLOS ONE 10(6): e0126208. DOI: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126208 .
Allen, C.R. (2008). Nebraska reintroduction efforts. The River Otter Journal, XVII(I): 7. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/27_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2008.pdf
Allen, D. (2010). Otter. Reaktion Books, Ltd., 183pp.
Almonte, C. (2011). The vocal repertoire of captive North American river otters (Lontra canadensis): individual differences and shared repertoires. Ph.D., City University of New York. New York, New York.
Almonte, C. (2014). Classification of captive river otters (Lontra canadensis) vocal repertoires: individual variations and age class comparisons. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 1(4): 502- 517.
Amundson, R. (1950). The Carolina otter. Iowa Conservationist, Des Moines. 9(9): 65, 69, Illus.
Andelt, F. (1988). Unusual movements of river otters released in Nebraska. Prairie Naturalist, 20: 108.
Anderson, E. (1995). Status in the Midwest and Illinois. Pp. 22-23. In: Bluett, R. (ed.). Illinois river otter recovery plan. Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
Anderson, E.A. (1982). Status and distribution of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Illinois. M.S., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois.
Anderson, E.A. (1985). River otter management plans: presented to the Division of Forest Resources and Natural Heritage, Illinois Department of Conservation, Springfield, Illinois. Final Report. Southern Illinois University, Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, 201 pages.
Anderson, E.A. (1987). Past studies of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois Academy Science, 80(suppl.): 59.
Anderson, E.A., and A. Woolf. (1984). River otter (Lutra canadensis) habitat utilization in northwestern Illinois. Final Report. Illinois Department of Conservation. 90 pp.
Anderson, E.A., and A. Woolf. (1987). River otter food habits in northwestern Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science 80: 115-118.
Anderson, K.L. (1981). Population and reproduction characteristics of the river otter in Virginia and tissue concentrations of environmental contaminants. M.S., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Anderson, K.L. and P.F. Scanlon. (1981)a. Organ weights of river otters. Virginia Journal of Science, 32(3): 86.
Anderson, K.L. and P.F. Scanlon. (1981)b. Heavy metal concentrations in tissues of river otters from Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science, 32(3): 87.
Anderson, K.L. and P.F. Scanlon. (1981)c. Reproduction and population characteristics of river otters in Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science, 32(3): 87.
Anderson-Bledsoe, K.L. and P.F. Scanlon. (1983). Heavy metal concentrations in tissues of Virginia river otters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 30: 442-447.
Anderson, R.C. (1964). Gnathostoma mryazakii n. sp. from the otter (Lutra canadensis) with comments on G. sociale (Leidy, 1858) of mink (Mustela vison). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 42(2): 249-254.
strong>Andrews, S. (2008). Prey selection by marine-coastal river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Newfoundland, Canada. Journal of Mammalogy, 89(4): 1001–1011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1644/07-MAMM-A-192.1
Andrews, R.D., D.A. Reeved, L.S. Jackson, and W.R. Clark, (1986). Reintroduction of river otters in Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 9391: Abstract 93.
Anonymous. (1857). On the Canadian otter. Canadian Naturalist, 1: 228-232.
Anonymous. (1941)a. Michigan otter still a puzzle. Michigan Conservation, 10(5): 5.
Anonymous. (1941)b. Otter breeding. American Fur Breeder, 14(6): 36.
Anonymous. (1945). Little is known about breeding otters. Fur of Canada, Winnipeg, 10(1): 18.
Anonymous. (1945). Orphan otter found on DeKalb Stream. Outdoor Georgia, Atlanta, 5(30): 7 illus.
Anonymous. (1949). Otter trapped in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Virginia Wildlife, 10(4): 25.
Anonymous. (1977). Ornery otter attacks salmon sailors. Lewiston Tribune, Lewiston, Idaho. August 19.
Anonymous. (1979). Swimming Boy, 5 attacked by otter. Portland Oregon. August 17. (cannot confirm publication V.L. Camp)
Anonymous. (1984). Reprieve for the river otter. The Otter Raft. p. 7
Arnebeck, B. (2003). Making it through the winter. The River Otter Journal, XII(I): 10-12.
Anonymous. (2022). Young otter rehabilitated after being rescued from river by pet dog. BRING ME THE NEWS, April 23 2022. Available At: https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/young-otter-rehabilitated-after-being-rescued-from-river-by-pet-dog
Arnebeck, B. (2004). Encounters between otters (Lontra canadensis) and American beaver (Castor canadensis). IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21(1): 6 pp.
https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21A/Arnebeck_2004_8th_OSG_Proc.pdf
Ashcraft, K.J. (2012). Otter visitation at fish-rearing facilities in Pennsylvania. M.S., Frostburg State University. Frostburg, Maryland.
Associated Press. (1998). Resurgent river otters are raising anglers ires: They want to thin numbers with trapping season. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 2.
Associated Press. (2012). DNR wrangles with otters’ appetites. December 3
Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. (2014). Best management practices for trapping river otter in the United States (updated).
Auglier, B. (2016). River otters are back! UC Santa Cruz, Science Communication Program. University of California. Santa Cruz, California.
Aulerich, R.J., H.G. Davis, S.J. Bursian, J.G. Sikarskie, and J.N. Stuht. (1995). Suspected thiamine deficiency (Chastek’s paralysis) in northern river otter (Lutra canadensis). Scientifur, 19: 297-304.
AZA. (2013). Population analysis & breeding and transfer plan: North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) AZA species survival plan green program
Babey, C.N.,N. Gantner, C. J. Williamson,I. E. Spendlow, andJ.M. Shrimpton. (2020) Evidence of predation of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) by North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in the Nechako River, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Allied Ichthyology. 36(6): 780-784.
Bailey, J.I. (2016). Determining the impact of latitude on parturition timing in captive North American river otters: A statistical analysis of AZA studbook records. M.S., Rochester Institute of Technology. Rochester, New York.
Bailey, V. (1909). Otter as a furbearer. Annual Report: American Breeders’ Association, 5: 313-320.
Bailey, V. (1941). The otter. Nature Magazine, 4(4): 237-238, 252.
Baitchman, E.J. and G.V. Kollias. (2000). Clinical anatomy of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(4): 473-483.
Baker, J.L., J.H. Wilson, and P.F. Scanlon, (1982). Flexural strength of otter limb bone.Virginia Journal of Science, 33(3): 66.
Baldwin, E. (2013). Activity patterns, behaviors, and population status of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in a northeast coastal environment, Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. M.S. Thesis, Antioch University New England. Kenne, New Hampshire.
Balke, J.M.E. ( 1993)b. Preliminary report of river otter scat collection and diet analysis in Queen Charlotte Island, November (1992).and February 1993 (Unpublished report, Project 92.8). Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
Balke, J.M.E. (1993)a. River otter predation on juvenile salmonids in winter. A review (Unpublished report, Project 92.8). Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.
Ballard, K.A., J.G. Sivak, and H.C. Howland. (1989). Intraocular muscles of the Canadian river otter and Canadian beaver and their optical function. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67(2): 469-474.
Bangs, O. (1898). Description of the Newfoundland otter. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 12: 35-36.
Barding, E.E and M.J. Lacki. (2015). Occurrence of nematodes (Dracunculus spp.) in reintroduced river otters in Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 75(1-2): 94-96
Barding, E.E. (2011). The recovery of the river otter (Lontra canadensis) in Kentucky: Status, distribution, diet, reproductive characteristics and management of a reintroduced species. Ph.D., University of Kentucky.
Barding, E.E. and M.J. Lacki. (2012)a. Status, distribution, diet, and reproductive characteristics of river otters in Kentucky. Final Report. Annual Research Highlights 2011. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, 5: 26-35.
Barding, E.E. and M.J. Lacki. (2012)b. Winter diets of river otters in Kentucky. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(2): 157-164.
Barding, E.E., and M.J. Lacki. (2014). Demographic and reproductive characteristics of reintroduced river otters in Kentucky: implications for population growth. American Midland Naturalist, 172(2): 338-347.
Barding, E.E., M.J. Lacki, and L.L. Patton. (2010). Recovery of the river otter in Kentucky. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 64: 112-117.
Barger, N.R. (1950). Otter. Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin, 15: 33.
Barker, I.K. (1991). Non-toxic diseases of mink and otter. p.19: In: Addison, E.M., G.A. Fox, and M. Gilbertson. (eds.). Proceedings of the expert consultation meeting on mink and otter. March 5 and 6, 1991. Sponsored by Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Windsor, Ontario.
Barnston, G. (1863). Remarks on the genus Lutra, and on the species inhabiting North America. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, 12: 147-188.
Barocas, A., H.N. Golden, M. Dudenhoeffer, and M. Ben-David. (2020). Sociality and signaling activity modulate information flow in river otter communication networks. Behavioral Ecology, 32(1): 60-68.
Barocas, A., H.N. Golden, M.W. Harrington, D.B. McDonald, and M. Ben-David. (2016). Coastal Latrine sites as social information hubs and drivers of river otter fission-fusion dynamics. Animal Behaviour, 120:103-114.
Barrett, D.A. (2012). Status and population characteristics of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) in central and eastern Oklahoma. ProQuest,Paperback. 128 pp.
Barrett, D. (2008). Status and population characteristics of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) in central and eastern Oklahoma. M.S., Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.
Barrett, D.A. and D.M. Leslie, Jr. (2010). Current distribution of river otters in central and eastern Oklahoma, within seven new counties. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 294(1): 13 pp.
Barrett, D.A. and D.M. Leslie, Jr. (2012). Spatio-temporal variations in age structures of a partially re- established population of northern river otters (Lontra canadensis). The American Midland Naturalist, 168(2): 302-314.
Bartnicki, P.L. and D.B. Boone. (1989). Special report: status of the river otter (Lutra lutra) in Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas.
Base, D.L. (1986). Evaluation of experimental reintroduction of river otters in Oklahoma. Unpublished report, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation Nongame Wildlife Program, Oklahoma City. 40 pp.
Basu, N., A. Scheuhammer, and M. O’Brien. (2007). Polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorinated pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the cerebral cortex of wild river otters (Lontra canadensis). Environmental Pollution, 149: 25-30.
Basu, N., A. Scheuhammer, N. Grochowina, D. Evans, M. O’Brien, and H. Chan. (2005). Effects of mercury on neurochemical receptors in wild river otters (Lontra canadensis). Environmental Science and Technology, 39(10): 3585-3591.
Basu, N., A. Scheuhammer, R. Evans, M. H. O’Brien, and H. Chan. (2007). Cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activity in relation to mercury levels in the cerebral cortex of wild river otters. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 26: 213- 220.
Bateman, H.L. and W.F. Swanson. (2017). Interaction of extender composition and freezing method for effective semen cryopreservation in the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). Theriogenology, 101: 26-34.
Bateman, H.L., J.B. Bond, M. Campbell, M. Barrie, G. Riggs, B. Snyder, and W.F. Swanson. (2009). Characterization of basal seminal traits and reproductive endocrine profiles in North American river otters and Asian small-clawed otters. Zoo Biology, 28: 107-126.
Bates, B. (1988). Reintroduction of the river otter in Utah. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Unpublished Report
Beasley, O.R. (2018). Determinants of social behavior in captive North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). M.S., Winthrop University. Rock Hill, South Carolina.
Beaver, T.D., G.A. Feldhamer, and J.A. Chapman. (1981). Dental and cranial anomalies in the river otter (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Brimleyana 7: 101-109.
Beck, D. (1977). Pesticides and heavy metal residues in Louisiana river otter. M.S., Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas.
Beck, T. (1990). River otter recovery program. Job Progress Report. Colorado Division of Wildlife.
Beck, T.D.I. (1992). Development of river otter reintroduction procedures. Colorado Division of Wildlife. Denver, Colorado.
Beck, T.D.I. (1993). River otter reintroduction procedures. Colorado Division of Wildlife.Research Review, 2: 14-16.
Beckel, A.L. (1982). Behavior of free-ranging and captive river otters in northcentral Wisconsin. Ph.D., University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Beckel, A.L. (1985). Social grooming in North American river otter. pp. 319-328. In: Andrews, D. and A.M. Herzberg. Data: a collection of problems from many fields for the student and research worker. Springer Series in Statistics.
Beckel, A.L. (1991). Wrestling play in adult river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Mammalogy, 72(2): 386-390.
Beckel, A.L.(1990). Foraging success rates of North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) hunting alone and hunting in pairs. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 104: 586- 588.
Beckel, A.L., (1981). Interactions between bald eagles and North American river otters.Passenger Pigeon, 43(1): 3-4.
Beckel-Kratz, A.L. (1977). Preliminary observations of the social behavior of the North American river otter. Otters: The Journal of the Otter Trust, 28-32.
Beckwith, S. (2003). Rehabilitation of orphan river otters. pp. 51-60. In: Orendorff, B. (ed.).Wildlife Rehabilitation, Vol. 21. National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association.
Beheler, A.S., J.A. Fike, G. Dharmarajan, O.E. Rhodes, and T.L. Serfass. (2005). Ten new polymorphic microsatellite loci for North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) and their utility in related mustelids. Molecular Ecology Notes, 5: 602- 604.
Beheler, A.S., J.A. Fike, L.M. Murfitt, O.E. Rhodes, and T.L. Serfass. (2004). Development of polymorphic microsatellite loci for North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) and amplification in related Mustelids. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4(1): 56-58.
Belanger, M., N. Askin, L. Tan, and C. Wittnich. (2010). The history and current status of otter research within Canada based on peer reviewed journal. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 27(3): 127-133.
Belanger, M., N. Clough, N. Askin, L. Tan, and C. Wittnich. (2011). A Review of Violent or Fatal Otter Attacks. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 28(1): 11-16.
Belant, J.L. (1992). Common loon aggression toward river otters and a beaver. 25 May 1985, Iron County. Passenger Pigeon, 54(3): 233–234.
Belfiore, N.M. (2006). Observation of a beaver beetle (Platypsyllus castoris ritsema) on a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis, Schreber) (Carnivora: Mustelidae: Lutrinae) in Sacramento County, California (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Platypsyllinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 60(4): 312-313.
Belfiore, N.M. (2008). Trapping and handling of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in a managed marsh. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 39(1): 13-20.
Ben-David, M, G.M. Blundell, and J.E. Blake. (2002). Post-release survival of river otters: effects of exposure to crude oil and captivity. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66:1208-1223.
Ben-David, M, T.M. Williams, and O.A. Ormseth. (2000). Effects of oiling on exercise physiology and diving behavior of river otters: a captive study. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(8): 1380- 1390.
Ben-David, M. (2000). Responses of river otters to oil contamination: a captive study. The River Otter Journal, IX(II): 8-9,12. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/13_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2000.pdf
Ben-David, M. (2002). Can river otters naturally recolonize the Grand Canyon? The River Otter Journal, XI(II). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/16_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2002.pdf
Ben-David, M. (2003). Predicting river otter locations with geographic information systems.
The River Otter Journal, XII(1): 1-2. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/18_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2003.pdf
Ben-David, M. (2009). Population survey for river otters in Rocky Mountain National Park. The River Otter Journal, XVII(II): 4-5, 8-9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/30_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2009.pdf
Ben-David, M., H. Golden, M. Goldstein, I. Martin, J.Boyd, D. Crowley, H. Hansen, D. Logan, K. Ott, A. Poe, T. Rinaldi, and J. Wendland. (2014). River otters in Prince William Sound and Kenai Fjords National Park: Distribution, relative abundance, and minimum population size based on coastal latrine site surveys. Interagency Collaborative Project Progress Report. 15 pp.
Ben-David, M. (2013). Population survey for river otters in the Rocky Mountain National Park: A progress report for 2012, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain National Park. The River Otter Journal, XXI(II): 1-4. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/35_ROJ_Issue_Winter_2013.pdf
Ben-David, M. and H.N. Golden. (2009). River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in south central Alaska: distribution, relative abundance, and minimum population size based on coastal latrine site surveys. SWAN I&M program report, National Park Service. Anchorage, Alaska. 43 pp.
Ben-David, M., G.M. Blundell, J.W. Kern, J.A.K. Maier, E.D. Brown, and S.C. Jewett. (2005). Communication in river otters: creation of variable resource sheds for terrestrial communities. Ecology, 86(5): 1331-1345.
Ben-David, M., H. Golden, M. Goldstein, and I. Martin. (2004). River otters in Prince William Sound and Kenai Fjords National Park: distribution, relative abundance, and minimum population size based on coastal latrine site surveys. Interagency Collaborative Report, Progress Report, Prince William Sound Science Center, Oil Spill Recovery Institute, Cordova, Alaska, USA.
Ben-David, M., L.K. Duffy, and R.T. Bowyer. (2001). Biomarker responses in river otters experimentally exposed to oil contamination. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37: 489- 508.
Ben-David, M., L.K. Duffy, G.M. Blundell, and R.T. Bowyer. (2001). Natural exposure of coastal river otters to mercury: Relation to age, diet, and survival. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 20: 1986-1992.
Ben-David, M., R.T. Bowyer, and J.B. Faro. (1996). Niche separation by mink and river otters: Coexistence in a marine environment. Oikos, 75: 41-48.
Ben-David, M., R.T. Bowyer, and L.K. Duffy. (1999). Exon Valdez oil spill restoration projects final report responses of river otter to oil contaminations. A controlled study of biological stress marker (Restoration Project No.99348). pp 154.
Ben-David, M., R.T. Bowyer, L.K. Duffy, D.D. Roby, and D.M. Schell. (1998). Social behavior and ecosystem processes: river otter latrines and nutrient dynamics of terrestrial vegetation. Ecology, 79(7): 2567-2571.
Ben-David, M., T. Kondratyuk, B.R. Woodin, P.W. Snyder, and J.J. Stegeman. (2001). Induction of cytochrome P4501A1 expression in captive river otters fed Prudhoe Bay crude oil: evaluation of immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. Biomarkers, 6: 218-235.
Bennett, C.H., III. (2014). A predictive habitat model for North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) along low order streams in inland New Jersey. M.S., University of Delaware. Newark, Delaware
Berg, J. (1998). The Diet of Lutra canadensis in the Upper Colorado River System. IUCN Otter Specialist Bulletin, 19A: 8-11. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Vol19_A_Index.html
Berg, J. (1999). Otter slides. The River Otter Journal, XIII(II). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/11_ROJ_Issue_Fall_1999.pdf
Berg, J. (2000). North American river otter diet. The River Otter Journal, IX(II): 4-5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/13_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2000.pdf
Berg, J.K. (1995). River otter populations in and adjacent to Rocky Mountain National Park.
The River Otter Symposium. The Wildlife Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Berg, J.K. (1996). Tracking otters. The River Otter Journal, V(I). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/5_ROJ_Issue_Fall_1996.pdf
Berg, J.K. (1999). Final report of the river otter research project on the Colorado River Basin and adjacent to the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado: conducted June 1992 thru June 1997. Presented to Rocky Mountain National Park, West Unit, Grand Lake, Colorado.
Berg, J.K. (2002). Diet and feeding behavior of the North American river otter. IUCN Otter Action Plan
Berg, W.E. (1981). Reintroduction of fisher, pine marten, and river otter. pp.159-173. In: Sanderson, G.C. (ed.). Midwest Furbearer Management, Proceedings of a Symposium held at the 43rd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Wichita, Kansas, 7-8 December 1981.
Berg, W.E. and M. DonCarlos. (1996). Pilot otter population trend survey-project proposal: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Wildlife Populations Research Unit Annual Report. pp.130-135. In: Blair, J. (ed.). Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1996.
Berg, W.E. and M. DonCarlos. (1998). Experimental river otter population trend survey.
Pp. 99-105. In:B. Joselyn (ed.). Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings, 1998.Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN. 177pp.
Bergan, J.F. (1990). Kleptoparasitism of a river otter (Lutra canadensis) by a bobcat (Felis rufus) in South Carolina. Brimleyana, 16: 63-65.
Beringer, J. and J. Blair. (2013). Otter population and harvest trends. pp 18-22. In: 2013 Furbearer program annual report. Missouri Department of Conservation; Resource Science Division
Best, A. (1962). The Canadian otter (Lutra canadensis) in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 4: 42- 44.
Beverly, J., and C.L. Elliott. (2006). Prey remains identified in river otter (Lontra canadensis, Schreber) latrines from eastern Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 67(2): 125-125.
Bich, J.P. (1988). The feasibility of river otter reintroduction in northern Utah. M.S., Utah State University. Logan, Utah.
Bicher, N.R. (2016). River otter (Lontra canadensis) distribution and habitat availability in Nebraska. M.S., University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska. Digital Commons University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska.
Bieber, N. R. (2016). River Otter (Lontra canadensis) distribution and habitat suitability in Nebraska. M.S. University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska
Bieber, N.R., S.P. Wilson, and C.R. Allen. (2018). River otter distribution in Nebraska. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 42(1): 136-143.
Birkenheuer, A. J., C.A. Harms, J. Neel, H.S. Marr, M.D. Tucker, A.E. Acton, A. D. Tuttle, and M.K. Stoskopf. (2007). The identification of a genetically unique piroplasma in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Parasitology, 134: 631-635.
Bischof, R. (2003). Status of the northern river otter in Nebraska. Prairie Naturalist, 35: 117- 120.
Black, J. M. (2001). Keeping track: the otter records network. Mountains and Rivers: A Quarterly Journal of Natural History for the Klamath-Siskiyou Region, 1: 21-22.
Black, J. M., E. Wampole, and J.E. Mayer. (2016). Fifteen years of river otter monitoring by citizen-science volunteers in northern California: Litter size. Northwestern Naturalist, 97(3): 226-236.
Black, J.M. (2009). River otter monitoring by citizen science volunteers in northern California: Social groups and litter Size. Northwestern Naturalist, 90(2): 130-135.
Blaisdell, F. (1999). Rehabilitation of river otters. pp. 1-5. In: Orendorff, B. (ed.). National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association Quarterly Journal, 17(2).
Blajeski, A., L.K. Duffy, and R.T. Bowyer. (1996). Differences in faecal profiles of porphyrins among river otters exposed to the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Biomarkers, 1: 262-266.
Bluett, R. (1984). The river otter. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Wildlife Management, Madison, Wisconsin.
Bluett, R. (ed.). (1995). Illinois river otter recovery plan. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois.
Bluett, R., G. Hubert Jr., E. Anderson, S. Lauzon, and D. Glosser. (1995). Illinois river otter recovery plan. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources, Technical Bulletin 7.
Bluett, R.D., C.K. Nielson, R.W. Gottfried, C.A. Miller, and A. Woolf. (2004). Status of the river otter (Lontra canadensis) in Illinois, 1998-2004. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 97: 209-217.
Bluett, R.D., E.A. Anderson, G.F. Hubert, G.W. Kruse, and S.E. Lauzon. (1999). Reintroduction and status of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Illinois. Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science, 92(1 and 2): 69-78.
Blundell, G. (1997). 1996 annual report near-shore vertebrate predator project: River otters. University of Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska.
Blundell, G. (2002). Why do river otters inhabiting marine environments live in groups? The River Otter Journal, XI(I). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/16_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2002.pdf
Blundell, G., M. Ben-David, and R.T. Bowyer. (2002). Sociality in river otters: cooperative foraging or reproductive strategies? Behaviorial Ecology, 13(1): 134-141.
Blundell, G.M, R.T. Bowyer, M. Ben-David, T.A. Dean, and S.C. Jewett. (2000). Effects of food resources on spacing behavior of river otters: does forage abundance control home-range size? pp. 325-333. In: Eiler, J.H and A.D. Neuman. (eds.). Biotelemetry 15: Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Biotelemetry. Juneau, Alaska, USA, May 1999. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Society on Biotelemetry.
Blundell, G.M. (2001). Social organization and spatial relationships in coastal river otters: assessing form and function of social groups, sex-biased dispersal, and gene flow. Ph.D., University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
Blundell, G.M., J.W. Kern, R.T. Bowyer, and L.K. Duffy. (1999). Capturing river otters: a comparison of Hancock and leg-hold traps. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27(1): 184-192.
Blundell, G.M., M. Ben-David, P. Groves, R.T, Bowyer, and E. Geffen. (2002). Characteristics of sex-biased dispersal and gene flow in coastal river otters: implications for natural re-colonization of extirpated populations. Molecular Ecology, 11(3): 289-303.
Blundell, G.M., M. Ben-David, P. Groves, R.T. Bowyer, and E. Geffen. (2004). Kinship and sociality in coastal river otters: Are they related? Behavioral Ecology, 15(5): 705- 714.
Blundell, G.M., S.C. Jewett, T.A. Dean, and R.T. Bowyer. (2001). An experiment of simulated predation: can river otters become food limited in a marine system? pp. 5-9. In: Jewett, S.C. (Ed.). Cold Water Diving for Science. American Academy of Underwater Sciences, 21st Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-06, 98 pp.
Boege-Tobin, D.D. (2005). Ranging patterns and habitat utilization of northern river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Missouri: implications for the conservation of a reintroduced species. Ph.D., University of Missouri-St. Louis. Saint Louis, Missouri.
Bohrman, J. (2012)a. Rehabilitated otters take to the wilds of Texas. The River Otter Journal, XIX(I): https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/34_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2012.pdf
Bohrman, J. (2012)b. Yellowstone’s otters are no match for invasive lake trout. The River Otter Journal, XIX(I): 8. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/34_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2012.pdf
Bohrman, J., S. Stevens, and T.L. Serfass. (2012). Long-term survival and reproduction in a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) with an intraperitoneal radio- transmitter. The River Otter Journal, XIX(I): 6-7. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/34_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2012.pdf
Bohrman, J.A. (2011). Evaluating river otter (Lontra canadensis) translocation success: post-release monitoring via olfactory attractants and inter-peritoneal transmitters, and local anglers attitudes. M.S., Frostburg State University. Frostburg, Maryland.
Bohrman, J.A., S.S. Stevens, and T.L. Serfass. (2012). Long-term survival and reproduction in a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) with an intraperitoneal radio-transmitter. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 125(3): 252-254.
Boone, D. (2013). Seasonal prey of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) at delta sites. M.S., California State University. California
Boschen, N.S. Jr. (1989). 1989 study of river otters in southwest Utah. M.S. (typed) 22pp. (unable to locate additional publication information)
Bottorff, J.A., R.A, Wigal, D. Pursley, and J.I. Cromer. (1976). The feasibility of river otter reintroduction in West Virginia. Special Report, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. 14 pp.
Bouley, P., M. Isadore, and T. Carroll. (2015). Return of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) to coastal habitats of the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Northwestern Naturalist, 96(1): 1-12
Bowers, Z. (2006). There's an otter in my tub! The River Otter Journal, XV(I): 8-10.
Bowman, J., A.G. Kidd, L.A. Nituch, C. Sadowski, and A.I. Schulte-Hostedde. (2014).
Testing for Aleutian Mink Disease Virus in the river otter (Lontra canadensis) in sympatry with infected American mink (Neovison vison). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 50 (3): 689-693.
Bowyer, R.T., G.M. Blundell, M. Ben-David, S.C. Jewett, T.D. Dean, and L.K. Duffy. (2003). Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on river otters: injury and recovery of a sentinel species. Wildlife Monographs, 153: 1-53.
Bowyer, R.T., J.W. Testa, and J.B. Faro. (1995). Habitat selection and home ranges of river otters in a marine environment: effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Mammalogy, 76(1): 1-11.
Bowyer, R.T., J.W. Testa, J.B. Faro, C.C. Schwartz, and J.B. Browning. (1994). Changes in diets of river otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska: effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72(6): 970-976.
Boyle, H, (1919). River otter plays on moonlight nights. California Fish Game, 5: 98.
Boyle, S. (2006). North American river otter (Lontra canadensis): a technical conservation assessment. Prepared for USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project.
Bradley, P. V. (1994). Otter limits. Natural History, 103: 35-45.
Bradley, P.V. (1986). Ecology of river otters in Nevada. M.S., University of Nevada. Reno, Nevada.
Bradt, G.W. (1945). What about the otter? Michigan Conservation, 14(2): 4,10.
Bradt, G.W. (1946). Otter-playboy of streams and lakes. Michigan Conservation, 15: 6-7.
Brandhagen, M.D. (2003). Monitoring of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) using molecular analysis of scat: a noninvasive technique and its potential application to otter management and conservation. Ph.D., George Mason University. Fairfax, Virginia.
Brandt, J.R. (2010). Assessing the origin of North American river otters in North Dakota using microsatellite analysis. M.S., Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland.
Brandt, J.R., A.L. Brandt, F.K. Ammer, A.L. Roca, and T.L. Serfass. (2014). Impact of population expansion on genetic diversity and structure of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in central North America. Journal of Heredity. 105(1): 39-47.
Breaux, A., W. Zielinski, and T. Kucera. (2002). Data collection protocol monitoring river otter (Lutra[=Lontra] canadensis). San Francisco Wetlands Regional Monitoring Program Plan, San Francisco, California.
Brennan, C. (2013). Boulder confirms first North American river otter sighting in a century. Boulder DailyCamera.com, Posted: 04/02/2013.
Brewster, W. (1909). The otter in eastern Massachusetts. Science, New Series, 29(744): 551- 555.
Bricker E.A, T.L. Serfass, F.L. Ammer, Z.L. Hanley, K.J. Pearce, and S.S. Stevens (2015). Conservation status of the North American otter in the United States and Canada: Assessing management practices and public perceptions of the species. In: Linh San, E.D. and M.J. Somers. (eds.). Small carnivores: evolution, ecology, behaviour and conservation. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
Bricker, E.A. (2014). Conservation status of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in the United states and Canada: Assessing management practices and public perceptions of the species. M.S., Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland.
Britt, T.L. (1980). River otter information and a reintroduction proposal for the Verde River. Unpublished Performance Report W-53-R, 6:4, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Flagstaff, AZ.
Britt, T.L. (unk). Environmental assessment report for river otter reintroduction. Coconino National Forest, Prescott National Forest, Tonto National Forest. USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region. Report provided by the Arizona Game and Fish Department.
Britt, T.L., R. Gerhart, and J.S. Phelps. (1984). River otter stocking. Project. No. W-53-R- 34, Arizona. pp. 125-34.
Britt, T.L., R.L. Glinki, and J.S. Phelps. (1982). River otter stocking. Unpublished Report, Arizona Federal Aid Project, W-53-R-30, WP6, J4. 13 pp.
Britton, A.P., E. Zabek, and H. Schwantje. (2011). Pleural Actinomycosis in a free-ranging river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42(4): 751- 754.
Brown, M.K. and G.R. Parsons. (1983). Otter management in northern New York: preliminary results. Transactions of the Northeast Section, the Wildlife Society, 40: 96.
Brownlee, W.C. (1977). Status of river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Texas. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas. 7pp.
Brzeski, K. (2010). A non-invasive approach examining North American river otter abundance and sociality. M.S., Humboldt State University, Arcata, California.
Brzeski, K. E., Gunther, M. S., & Black, J. M. (2013). Evaluating river otter demography using noninvasive genetic methods. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 77(8): 1523-1531.
Brzeski, K., M. Szykman Gunther, and J.M. Black. (2013). Evaluating river otter demography using noninvasive genetic methods. Journal of Wildlife Management, 77: 1523-1531.
Buhler, D. R. (2013). Environmental contaminants in male river otters collected from Oregon and Washington, 1994-99, with reproductive organ hypoplasia observed in otter males. Ph.D., Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon.
Burgess, T.W. (1924). Sliding otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 5: 6.
Burns, E.K. (2012). Non-invasive approach to river otter monitoring and population estimation in the Finger Lakes. SUNY Environmental Science and Forestry. Final report for Edna Bailey Sussman Foundation Internship.
Burt, W.H. (1954). Extra premolars in the river otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 35: 125-126.
Bushy, D. (1970). Trapping and handling beaver and otter. All rights reserved: S. Stanley Hawbaker, Fort London, Pennsylvania. 43 pp. Available from rpoutdoors.com
Butcher, O.L. (unk). Professional beaver and otter trapping. O.L. Butcher publisher. 36 pp.
Available from https://www.rpoutdoors.com/ .
Buzzell, B. (2021). Holistic approaches for invasive species management: Exploring biotic resistance of European green crab (Carcinus maenas) via river otter (Lontra canadensis) diet. WWU Graduate School Collection. 1035.
Cain-Stage, M. (1990). Rehabilitation Notes: American river otter (Lutra canadensis). Wildlife Journal, 13(1): 7-10. International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council.
Caire, W., Loucks, L. S., Deen, C. M., & Holshouser, T. L. (2017). A new record of and additional notes for the river otter (Lontra canadensis) from Logan County, Oklahoma. In Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 96: 24-27.
California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG). (2005). California Interagency Wildlife Task Group. M163 River Otter Lontra canadensis. Sacramento, CA: California Wildlife Habitat Relationships version 8.1 personal computer program.
Camp, V.L. (2013). A bibliography on the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Special Group Bulletin, Special Edition 30(A): 3-41. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume30A/Vol30A_Index.html
Camp, V.L. (2015). 2nd edition: A bibliography on the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Special Group Bulletin, Special Edition 32(B): 3-41. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume32B/Vol32B_Index.html
Camp, V.L. (2016). 3rd edition: A bibliography on the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Special Group Bulletin, Special Edition 33(B): 3-47. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume33B/Vol33B_Index.html
Camp, V.L. (2017). 4th edition: A bibliography on the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, Special Edition 34(A): 3-49. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume34A/Vol34A_Index.html
Camp, V.L. (2018). 5th edition: A bibliography on the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Special Group Bulletin, 35(A): 3-49 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume35A/Vol35A_Index.html
Camp, V.L. (2019). 6th Edition: A bibliography on the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Special Group Bulletin, 36(B): 3-68. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume36B/Vol36B_Index.html
Camp, V.L. (2020).7th Edition: A Bibliography on the North American River Otter(Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin,37(A): 3-71. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume37A/Vol37A_Index.html
Camp, V.L. (2021). A Bibliography on the North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis). Eighth Edition. IUCN Otter Specialist. Group Bulletin. 38(A): 2-66. https://iucnosgbull.org/Volume39Special/Camp_2022A.html
Cannings, S. (2001). EO specifications for Lontra canadensis (Northern River Otter).
Natureserv, Unpublished. 1pp. (unable to locate additional publication information)
Caras, R.A. (1967). Freshwater clown: the river otter. pp. 191-196. In: North American Mammals: Fur- bearing Mammals of the United States and Canada. Galahad Books, New York, NY. 578 pp.
Cardoza, J.E. (1977). The river otter in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Wildlife, 28(6): 8-11.
Cardoza, J.E. (1986). A preliminary assessment of the status of fisher and river otter in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. 31 pp. Carpenter, C.P. (2001). Scat marking and the use of latrine sites by river otters along Tionesta Creek, northwestern Pennsylvania. M.S., Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland.
Carpenter, S.K., N. Mateus-Pinilla, and M.L. Green. (2013). Evaluating the relationship between river otters and river otter latrines. The River Otter Journal, XXI(II): 12-14. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume37A/Vol37A_Index.html
Carpenter, S.K., N.E. Mateus-Pinilla, K, Singh, and A. Lehner, R.D. Bluett, N.A. Rivera, and J.E. Novakofski. (2013). River otters as biomonitors for organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and PBDEs in Illinois. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 100: 99-104.
Ceballos, G. and E. Carrillo-Rubio. (2017). Redescubrimiento y estado de conservacion de la nutria norte Lontra canadensis en Mexico. [Rediscovery and conservation status of the northern otter Lontra canadensis in Mexico.]. Revista Mexicana Mastozoologia, 1(2):1-2.
Carroll, T., E. Hellwig, and M. Isadore. (2020). An approach for long-term monitoring of recovering populations of Nearctic river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Northwestern Naturalist, 101(2): 77-91.
Ceballos, G. and E. Carrillo-Rubio. (2017). Redescubrimiento y estado de conservacion de la nutria norte Lontra canadensis en Mexico. [Rediscovery and conservation status of the northern otter Lontra canadensis in Mexico.]. Revista Mexicana Mastozoologia, 1(2):1-2.
Chabreck, R., Edwards, T., and G. Linscombe. (1985). Factors affecting the distribution and harvest of river otters in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 39: 520-527.
Chabreck, R., J. Holcombe, G. Linscombe, and N. Kinler. (1982). Winter food of river otters from saline and fresh environments in Louisiana. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 36: 373–383.
Chambers, G. (2007). Otters enjoy retirement too! Part I. The River Otter Journal, XVI(I). 1 and 3. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/25_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2007.pdf
Chambers, G. (2007). Otters enjoy retirement too: Part II. The River Otter Journal. XVI(II): 6-7. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/26_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2007.pdf
Chambers, G. (2008). An update from Missouri. The River Otter Journal, XVII(II): 5 https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/28_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2008.pdf
Chambers, G.D. (2001). The river otter in Missouri. The River Otter Journal, X(II): 1. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/28_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2008.pdf
Chanin, P. (1985). The Natural History of Otters. Facts on File Publications. New York,
N.Y. 179 pp.
Chapman, F.B. (1956). The river otter in Ohio. Journal of Mammalogy, 37: 284.
Cheatum, E.L. and A.H. Cook. (1948). On the occurrence of the North American guinea worm in mink, otter, raccoon, and skunk in New York state. The Cornell Veterinarian, 38: 421-423.
Cheng, M.P., L.O. Parkes, K. Paquette, C.P. Yansouni, and T.C. Lee. (2016). River otter bite in a 52-year-old woman: managing animal bites. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 188: 17-18.
Chilelli, M., B. Griffin, and D.J. Harrison. (1996). Interstate comparisons of river otter harvest data. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24: 238-246.
Chilelli, M.B., M.B. Griffith, and D.J. Harrison. (1991). Analysis of river otter harvest and reproductive data in northeastern U.S., 1970-89. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., Federal Assistance, Reg. 5, Newton Corner, Mass. 48pp.
Chin, A.R. and J.M. Black. (2020). Behavior of northern river otters in relation to social group size and pup presence: Results from 15 years of citizen science. Northwest Naturalist, 10(3): 158-167.
Chinnadurai, S.K., A.J. Birkenheuer, H.L. Blanton, R.G. Maggi, N. Belfiore, H.S. Marr, E.B. Breitschwerdt, and M.K. Stoskopf. (2010). Prevalence of selected vector- borne organisms and identification of Bartonella species DNA in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46(3): 947-950
Chou, K.D. (2011). An industrial oasis for otters. The River Otter Journal, XX(1): 8-9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/33_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2011.pdf
Christensen, K.M. (1984). Habitat selection, food habits, movements, and activity patterns of reintroduced river otters (Lutra canadensis) in Central Arizona. M.S., Northern Arizona University. Flagstaff. Arizona.
Chromanski, J.F. and E.K. Fritzell. (1982). Status of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Missouri. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science, 16: 43-48.
Clark, J. and P. Polechla (1986). The river otter in Arkansas: A success story. Arkansas Game Fish, 17(6): 7-9.
Clark, J.D. (1981). An evaluation of a censusing technique and environmental pollutant trends in the river otter of Georgia. M.S., University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia.
Clark, J.D. and R. Williamson. (2011). Evaluating interactions between river otters and muskrats at bridge crossings in Kentucky. Journal of Manmalogy, 92: 1341-1320.
Clark, J.D., J.H. Jenkins, P.B. Bush, and E.B. Moser. (1981). Pollution trends in river otter in Georgia. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 35: 71-79.
Clark, J.D., T. Hon, K.D. Ware, and J.H. Jenkins. (1987). Methods for evaluating abundance and distribution of river otters in Georgia. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 41: 358- 364.
Clouser, J. (1969). Space-age beaver and otter trapping. Copyright 1969, James A. Mesler. 41 pp. Available from https://www.rpoutdoors.com/
Code, T.E., A.C.H. Reid, and S.M. Herrero. (1994). Food habits of the river otter in a boreal ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72: 1306-1313.
Cogliano, M.M. (2003). The ecology and status of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) on the Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia. Ph.D., George Mason University. Fairfax, Virginia.
Colby, J. (2001). Xena, the warrior princess water otter? The River Otter Journal, X(I): 1 https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/14_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2001.pdf
Colby, J. (2004). Surveying for otters on the Colorado's Dolores River. The River Otter Journal, XIII(I): 8-9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/20_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2004.pdf
Colorado Division of Wildlife (CDOW). (2003). State of Colorado river otter recovery plan: Revision of 1980, 1984, and 1988 draft plans. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, CO.
Colorado Division of Wildlife. (2003). State of Colorado river otter recovery plan. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado. 50 pp.
Compton, L.A. (2000). Status of southwest river otters (Lontra canadensis sonora) in the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park. The River Otter Journal, IX(II): 10-11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/13_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2000.pdf
Conn, R. (2010). Update on the New Mexico reintroduction. The River Otter Journal,
XIX(I): 4. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/31_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2010.pdf
Conn, R. and J. Klingel. (2004). River otter (Lontra canadensis) surveys of White Rock Canyon, Rio Grande, New Mexico by New Mexico River Otter Working Group (NMROWG). 6 pp. + appendices.
Converse, R.L., M. Baron-Deutsch, A. Gjuillin, and A.J. Rowe. (2014). Reproduction of reintroduced North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) confirmed in New Mexico. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 31(1): 35-39.
Cook, D.B. (1940). An otter takes a ride. Journal of Mammalogy, 21: 216.
Cooley, L. (1983). Winter food habits and factors influencing the winter diet of river otter in north Florida. M.S., University of Florida. Gainesville, Florida.
Coon-Frisch, E. (2012). Otter spotter: The creation and evaluation of an educational resource for the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Rochester Institute of Technology, and the Seneca Park Zoo. M.S., Rochester Institute of Technology. Henrietta, New York.
Corrigan, D. (1999). State newspapers will soon confront otters. St. Louis Journalism Review, June 1.
Cosby, H. and M. Szykman Gunther. (2021). Variation in diet and activity of river otters (Lontra canadensis) by season and aquatic community. Journal of Mammalogy, 102(2): 520-529.
Cosby, H. (2013). Diet and activity of river otters (Lontra canadensis) based on season and ecosystems. The River Otter Journal, XXI(II): 7-10. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/35_ROJ_Issue_Winter_2013.pdf
Cosby, H. A. (2013). Variation in diet and activity of river otters (Lontra canadensis) by season and aquatic community. Ph.D., Humboldt State University. Arcata, California.
Cote, D., R.S. Gregory, and H.M.J. Stewart. (2008). Size-selective predation by river otter (Lontra canadensis) improves refuge properties of shallow coastal marine nursery habitats. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 86(11): 1324-1328.
Cote, D., H. M. J. Stewart, R. S. Gregory, J. Goose, J. J. Reynolds, G. B. Stenson, and E. H. Miller. (2008). Prey selection by marine-coastal river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Newfoundland, Canada. Journal of Mammalogy, 89: 1001-1011.
Cotey, S.R., R. Scimeca, L. Chang, A.L. Carpenter, E.E. Will, C. Ott-Conn. A.L. Mayer, and M.V. Reichard. (2022). Toxoplasma gondii prevalence, partial genotypes, and spatial variation in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the upper peninsula of Michigan, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. doi: https://doi.org/10.7589/JWD-D-22-00021 (online ahead of print)
Coues, E. (1877). Fur-bearing animals: a monograph of North American Mustelidae. Miscellaneous Publications of the Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C, 8: 1-348.
Crait, J. (2002). River otters, cutthroat trout, and their future in Yellowstone National Park. The River Otter Journal, XI(II): 1-3. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/17_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2002.pdf
Crait, J. (2005)b. Are there river otters in Katmai National Park? The River Otter Journal,XIV(I): 2-3 https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/23_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2005.pdf
Crait, J. (2005)c. Adaptation to high altitude diving: Can river otters switch from cutthroat to lake trout? The River Otter Journal, XIV(II): 1, 3. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/23_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2005.pdf
Crait, J. R., A.D. McIntosh, E.C. Greiner, and M. Ben-David. (2015). The influence of changing prey availability on the prevalence of Diphyllobothrium in river otters from Yellowstone National Park. The Journal of Parasitology, 101(2): 240-243.
Crait, J. R., Regehr, E.V., and M. Ben-David. (2015). Indirect effects of bioinvasions in Yellowstone Lake: The response of river otters to declines in native cutthroat trout. Biological Conservation, 191: 596-605.
Cramer, M.S. (1995). River otter (Lontra canadensis) restoration in Kentucky. Final Report. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, KY.
Crait, J.R. (2005)a. Seasonal activity and nutrient transport by river otters in Yellowstone National Park. M.S., University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming.
Crait, J.R. and M. Ben-David. (2004). How important are Yellowstone cutthroat trout to river otters? The River Otter Journal, XIII(II): 5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/21_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2004.pdf
Crait, J.R. and M. Ben-David. (2006). River otters in Yellowstone Lake depend on a declining cutthroat trout population. Journal of Mammalogy, 87(3): 485-494.
Crait, J.R. and M. Ben-David. (2007). Effects of river otter activity on terrestrial plants in trophically altered Yellowstone Lake. Ecology, 88(4): 1040-1052.
Crait, J.R., G.M. Blundell, K.E. Ott, J.K. Herreman, and M. Ben-David. (2006). Late seasonal breeding of river otters in Yellowstone National Park. The American Midland Naturalist, 156(1): 189-192.
Crait, J.R., H.D. Prange, N.A. Marshall, H.J. Harlow, C.J. Cotton, and M. Ben-David. (2012). High altitude diving in river otters: Coping with combined hypoxic stresses. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 215: 256-263.
Cranfrani, C., O. Broennimann, A. Loy, and A. Guisan. (2018). More than range exposure: Global otter vulnerability to climate change. Biological Conservation, 221: 103-113.
Crawford, B. (2006). Hunting, trapping otters may expand to address problem. Courier- Journal.com, April 1.
Crawford, B. (2007). Some river otters have gone wild, state agency warns. Courier- Journal.com. February 15.
Crimmins, S.M., N.M. Roberts, and D.A. Hamilton. (2009). Effects of prey size on scat analysis to determine river otter (Lontra canadensis) diet. Wildlife Biology, 15(4): 449-453.
Crimmins, S.M., N.M. Roberts, and D.A. Hamilton. (2011). Age-specific reproductive rates of river otters in southern Missouri. Southeastern Naturalist, 10(3): 501-508.
Crimmins, S.M., N.M. Roberts, D.A. Hamilton, and A.R. Mynsberge. (2009). Seasonal detection rates of river otters (Lontra canadensis) using bridge-site and random-site surveys. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 87(11): 993-999.
Critchton, V.F.J. and A.H. Cook. (1973). Dracunculus lutrae n. sp (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) from the otter (Lutra canadensis) in Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 51: 521-529.
Crowl, J. and J. Klingel. (2005) a. General assessment of potential river otter habitat in the Ute Mountain segment of the upper Rio Grande, New Mexico. (Colorado border to Lee Trail): mid-August 2005. Report to New Mexico River Otter Working Group.
Crowl, J. and J. Klingel. (2005) b. General assessment of potential river otter habitat in the Gila Wilderness segment of the Gila River, New Mexico. (East Fork to Turkey Creek): June 26 – July 1, 2005. Report to New Mexico River Otter Working Group.
Crowley, S. M. and D.P. Hodder. (2019). Factors influencing exposure of North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) and American mink (Neovison vison) to mercury relative to a large-scale reservoir. Ecotoxicology, 1-11.
Crowley, S. M., C.J. Johnson, and D.P. Hodder. (2017) a. Are latrine sites an accurate predictor of seasonal habitat selection by river otters (Lontra canadensis) in freshwater systems? Mammal Research, 62(1): 37-45.
Crowley, S., C.J. Johnson, and D. Hodder. (2012)a. Spatial and behavioral scales of habitat selection and activity by river otters at latrine sites. Journal of Mammalogy, 93(1): 170-182.
Crowley, S., C.J. Johnson, and D. Hodder. (2012)b. The role of demographic and environmental variables on the presence of snow tracks by river otters (Lontra canadensis). Wildlife Biology, 18(1): 105-112.
Crowley, S., C.J. Johnson, and D.P. Hodder. (2013). Spatio-temporal variation in river otter (Lontra canadensis) diet and latrine site activity. Ecoscience, 20(1): 28-39.
Crowley, S.M., C.J. Johnson, and D. Holder. (2017) b. The role of demographic and environmental variables on the presence of snow tracks by river otters (Lontra canadensis). Wildlife Biology, 18(1): 105-122.
Crowley, S.M., D.P. Hodder, C.J. Johnson, and D. Yates. (2018). Wildlife health indicators and mercury exposure: A case study of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in central British Columbia, Canada. Ecological Indicators, 89: 63-73.
Cumbie, P.M. (1975). Mercury levels in Georgia otter, mink and freshwater fish. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 14: 193-197.
Cummings,C.O., G. Pirie,E. Sasaki,and N. Wakamatsu. (2021). Gastric dilatation-volvulus in two North American river otters (Lontra canadensis).Vet Record: Case Reports DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/vrc2.96
Czaplewski, N. (2020). The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) as a late Pleistocene fossil from the Canadian river, Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, 100: 95-101.
David, M., T.M. Williams, and O.A. Ormseth. (2000). Effects of oiling on exercise physiology and diving behavior of river otters: a captive study. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(8): 1380- 1390.
Davis, H.G. (1992). Effects from feeding carp from Saginaw Bay, Michigan to river otter. Michigan State University, pp 124. Michigan State University-East Lansing, Department of Animal Science.
Davis, H.G., R.J. Aulerich, S.J. Bursian, J.G. Silkarskie, and J.N. Stuht. (1992)a. Feed consumption and food transit time in northern river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 23(2): 241-244.
Davis, H.G., R.J. Aulerich, S.J. Bursian, J.G. Sirksarskie, and J.N. Stuht. (1992)b. Hematologic and blood chemistry values of the northern river otter (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 23: 267-271.
Davis, J.A. (1978). A classification of the otters. pp. 14-13, In: Duplaix, N. (ed.). Otters: Proceedings of the first working meeting of the Otter Specialist Group, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. 158 pp.
Davis, J.A. (2000). Mexican otters. The River Otter Journal, IX(I): 8-9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/12_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2000.pdf
Davis, J. (1985). Unpublished proceedings from the River Otter Breeding symposium held at the Turtle Back Zoo, 560 Northfield Avenue, West Orange, New Jersey, 07052. 03 April 1985.
Davis, W.S. (1981). Aging, reproduction, and winter food habits of the bobcat (Lynx rufus) Day, C.C. (2012). Translocation mortality and local, regional, and continental diet of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis). M.S., Brigham Young University. Provo, Utah.
Day, C.C., M.D. Westover, and B.R McMillan. (2015). Seasonal diet of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis): what drives prey selection? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 93(3): 197-205.
Day, C.C., M.D. Westover, and B.R. McMillan. (2013). Factors influencing mortality associated with the translocation of northern river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Utah. Western North American Naturalist, 73(3): 357-364.
Day, C.C., M.D. Westover, and C. Schenck. (2015). Seasonal diet of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis): What drives prey selection? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 93: 197-205.
Dearden, L.C. (1954). Extra premolars in the river otter, Journal of Mammalogy, 35: 125- 126.
Dekar, M. (2009). Spatial and temporal variation in the structure of stream food webs: Investigating the effects of shifting basal resources and predation from a top predator, the river otter (Lontra canadensis). Ph.D., University of Arkansas. Fayetteville, Arkansas.
Dekar, M.P., D.D. Magoulick, and J. Beringer. (2010). Bioenergetics assessment of fish and crayfish consumption by river otter (Lontra canadensis): Integrating prey availability, diet and field metabolic rate. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 67(9): 1439-1448.
Dekker, D. (1989). Otters return to Jasper National Park, Alberta Nature, 19(4): 141-142.
DePue, J. E. (2002)a. River otter (Lontra canadensis) survey of the Gunnison river: Chukar Trail to Redlands Diversion Dam, Colorado. Unpublished Report. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Grand Junction. 4 pp.
DeLong, C.M. (2020), What we know about vision in otters: A presentation for World Otter Day.Seneca Park Zoo, Rochester, NY, United States.
DeLong, C.M. (2019). Cognitive research with North American river otters at the Seneca Park Zoo: A presentation for International Otter Day.Paper presented at the Seneca Park Zoo, Rochester, NY.
DeLong, C.M., C. Wright, and I. Fobe, K. T. Wilcox, and E. Morrison(2019).North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) discriminate between 2D objects varying in shape and color.Learning & Behavior,47:91-104.
DeLong, C.M., C. Wright, I. Fobe, K.T. Wilcox, and E. Morrison (2018). North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) discriminate between 2D objects varying in shape and color. Learning & Behavior, 47: 91-104.
DePue, J. E. (2002)b. River otter (Lontra canadensis) survey of the Green river, Colorado. Unpublished Report. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Grand Junction. 4 pp.
DePue, J.E. (2007). Limited geneflow among reintroduced river otter populations in Colorado: evidence from DNA collected with a novel method. M.S., University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming.
Depue, J.E. and M. Ben-David. (2007). Hair sampling techniques for river otters. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(2): 671-674.
Depue, J.E. and M. Ben-David. (2010). River otter latrine site selection in arid habitats of western Colorado, USA. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 74: 1763-1767.
Desjardins, C. (2007). Habitat selection of river otters in the Alberta pacific forest. The River Otter Journal, XVI(I): 7-8. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/25_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2007.pdf
De Velde, N.V., D.j. Demetrick,and P.J. Duignan. (2019). Primary pleural squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Disease, 55(3): 728-732.
Devoe, A. (1945). Otter. American Mercury, 60: 221.
Dewit, T., V. Clulow, N. Dave, M. Mirka, G. Parker, and N. Peterson-Schaffner. (2002). Ra-226 in bone of mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) taken near ‘U’ workings at Elliot Lake, Canada and from reference areas with calculation of transfer parameters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 68(6): 878- 884.
Diggs, G. (2013). The river otter on Idaho: reproductive and population parameters and liver concentrations of environmental contaminants. M.S., Boise State University. Boise, Idaho.
Dobbins, C.L. (unk). Beaver and otter trapping: open water techniques. Dobbins’ Products. 114 pp. Available from flemingtraps.com.
Docktor, C.M., R.T. Bowyer, and A.G. Clark. (1987). Number of corpora lutea as related to age and distribution of river otter in Maine. Journal of Mammalogy, 68: 182-185.
Doherty, D. (2011). Distribution patterns of river otters (Lontra canadensis) within Monroe
County, New York. M.S., Rochester Institute of Technology. 45 pp.
Dolloff, C.A. ((1993). Predation by river otters (Lontra canadensis) on juvenile choho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) and dolly varden (Salvelinus malma) in southeast Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 50(2): 312-315.
Dornbos P., S. Strom, and N. Basu. (2013). Mercury exposure and neurochemical biomarkers in multiple brain regions of Wisconsin river otters (Lontra canadensis). Ecotoxicology, 22(3): 469- 475.
Dornbos, P., S. Chernyak, J. Rutkiewicz, T. Cooley, S. Strom, S. Batterman, and N. Basu. (2015). Hepatic polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in Wisconsin river otters (Lontra canadensis) and Michigan bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Journal of Great Lakes Research, 41: 222-227.
Dronkert, A.E. (1983). Lutra canadensis river otter recovery habitat evaluation form. Unpublished report. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, CO.
Dronkert-Egnew, A.E. (1991). River otter population status and habitat use in northwestern Montana. M.S., University of Montana. Missoula, Montana.
Dubuc, L. J. (1987). Ecology of river otters on Mount Desert Island, Maine. M.S., University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
Dubuc, L.J. (1988). OTTER: Habitat use and food habits. In: Arthur, S.M. and W.B. Krohn. (1988). An annotated bibliography of predator research in Maine, 1974-1988. Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, Technical Bulletin 132: 13-14.
Dubuc, L.J., W.B. Krohn, and R.B. Owen Jr. (1990). Predicting occurrence of river otters by habitat on Mount Desert Island, Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management, 54(4): 594-599.
Duffy, D.C. (1995). Apparent otter predation on an Aluetian tern colony. Colonial Waterbirds, 18(1): 91-92.
Duffy, L. K., M.K. Hecker, G.M. Blundell, and R.T. Bowyer. (1999). An analysis of the fur of river otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Oil related hydrocarbons 8 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Polar Biology, 21(1), 56-58.
Duffy, L.K, R.T. Bowyer, J.W. Testa, and J.B. Faro. (1994)a. Chronic effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on blood and enzyme chemistry of river otters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 13: 643-647.
Duffy, L.K., R.T. Bowyer, J.W. Testa, and J.B. Faro. (1993). Differences in blood haptoglobin and length-mass relationships in river otter (Lutra canadensis) from oiled and non-oiled areas of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 29: 353-359.
Duffy, L.K., R.T. Bowyer, J.W. Testa, and J.B. Faro. (1994)b. Evidence for recovery of body mass and haptoglobin values of river otters following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 30: 421-425.
Dulfer, R., J. Nell, and A.C. Gutleb (eds.). (1998). Proceedings of the VIIth International Otter Colloquium: Otter Conservation-An example for sustainable use of wetlands. Trebon, Czeck Republic. Part III: 153-396. The entire content of the VIIth Colloquium is compiled in the IUCN Otter Specialist Group, Special Issue 19A (1998), pp. 1-372. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Vol19_A_Index.html
Dunlap, J. (2008). Aquatic ambassadors: River otters are poster pups for conservation. The River Otter Journal, XVII(II): 1 https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/28_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2008.pdf
Duplaix, N. and J.A. Davis. (1983). "Lutra canadensis" . CITES Appendix 2, pp 12-27
Duplaix, N. and M. Bardini. (2016). We love otters. Four Corners Institute.
Duplaix-Hall, N. (1972). Notes on maintaining river otters in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 12: 178-181.
Duplaix-Hall, N. (1975). River otters in captivity: A review. pp. 315-327. In: Martin, R.D. (ed.). Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity. Academic Press, London.
Duque, S.L.A., L.Y. Orozco-Jimenez, C. Zapata-Escobar, and J.A. Palacio-Baena. (2018). Conservation genetics of otters: review about the use of non-invasive samples. Therya, 9(1)
Earley, L.S. (1992). On the rebound: Gone for 50 years, river otters are back in the Smokies, thanks to a successful reintroduction program. National Parks, 68(5/6): 35-38.
Eccles, D.R. (1989). An evaluation of survey techniques for determining relative abundance of river otters and selected other furbearers. M.S., Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas. 9(1): 85-93.
Eccles, K.M., E.S. Littlewood, P.J. Thomas, and H.M. Chan. (2019). Distribution of organic and inorganic mercury across the pelts of Canadian river otter (Lontra canadensis), Scientific Reports. 9, Article Number 3237.
Eccles, K.M., P.J. Thomas and, H.M. Chan. (2020). Relationships between mercury concentrations in fur and stomach contents of river otter (Lontra canadensis) and mink (Neovison vison) in Northern Alberta Canada and their applications as proxies for environmental factors determining mercury bioavailability. Environmental Research, 181:1Article 08961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108961
Eccles. K.M., P.J. Thomas, and H.M. Chan. (2021). Spatial patterns of the exposure-response relationship between mercury and cortisol in the fur of the river otter (Lontra canadensis).Chemosphere, 263, Article 127992.
Edwards, C. (1979). A report on the distribution, abundance, population trends and habitat requirements for the river otter on the lower Colorado River. Arizona Game and Fish Department. Phoenix, Arizona. 16 pp.
Edwards, T.L. (1983). River otter abundance, distribution, and habitat use in Louisiana. M.S., Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Egan, D. (2019). Local scientist, Dr. Heide Island researches residential River Otters-How you can become a citizen scientist and support your neighborhood wildlife. Admirals Cove Times, Coupeville, Washington. May 2019.
Eldridge, A. (2017). Seasonal variation of North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) predation on local fish species. Undergraduate Research Symposium. Poster Session 1.
University of Washington, p. 1.
Eley, T. Jr. (1977). Ixodes uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) from a river otter. Journal of Medical Entomology, 13: 506.
Ellington, E.H., P.D. Flournoy, C.P. Dwyer, M.D. Witt, and S.D. Gehrt. (2018). Assessment of river otter abundance following reintroduction. Wildlife Research, 45(6): 490-499.
Elliott, J.E., C.J. Henny, M.L. Harris, and R.J. Norstrom. (1999). Chlorinated hydrocarbons in livers of American mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lutra canadensis) from the Columbia and Fraser River basins, 1990-1992. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 57: 229-252.
Elliott, J.E., D.A. Guertin, and J.M.E. Balkec. (2008). Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in feces of river otters from the southern Pacific coast of Canada, 1998– 2004. Science of the Total Environment, 397: 58-71.
Engelstoft, C. and F. Morgenson. (2005). Marine-living northern river otter health and their feasibility as a sentinel species along the coast of southern Vancouver Island. Report prepared for D. Helen Schwantje, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of the Environment. Victoria, British Columbia. 33 pp.
Ensor, K.E. (1991). Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 1989-1991: Contaminants in Minnesota Wildlife Study. pp 8-11. In: Addison, E.M., G.A. Fox and M. Gilbertson (eds.). Proceedings of the Expert Consultation Meeting on Mink and Otter.
Erb, J.D. and C.S. DePerno. (2001). Distribution and relative abundance of river otters in southern Minnesota. pp. 19-26. In: DonCarlos, M.W., R.T. Eberhardt, R.O. Kimmel, and M.S. Lenarz (eds.). Wildlife population and research unit (2000) report. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul.
Erickson, D. and C. McCollough. (1985). Doubling our otters, Missouri Conservation, 46930: 47.
Erickson, D.E., C.R., McCullough, and W.R. Porath. (1984). River otter investigations in Missouri, final report. Missouri Federal Aid Project, W-13-R-38, S63, J2. 46 pp.
Erickson, D.W. and C.R. McCullough. (1987). Fates of translocated river otters in Missouri. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 15: 511-517.
Erickson, D.W. and D.A. Hamilton. (1988). Approaches to river otter restoration in Missouri. Transactions of the 53rd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 53: 404- 413.
Erickson, D.W., C.R. McCullough, and W.R. Porath. (1984). Evaluation of experimental river otter reintroductions. Final Report of Missouri Department of Conservation. Federal Aid Project. No. W-13-R-38. 47 pp.
Ermer, J. (2006). Preliminary investigation to determine presence or absence of river otters in northeastern South Dakota. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Wildlife Division Final Report, Pierre, SD.
Ermer, J. (2007). Investigation to determine presence/absence of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in eastern South Dakota. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Wildlife Division Final Report, Pierre, SD.
Ermer, J. (2008). Investigation to determine presence/absence of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in eastern South Dakota. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Wildlife Division Final Report, Pierre, SD.
Ermer, J. (2011). Summary of necropsy data collected from river otters in South Dakota. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks Wildlife Division Summary Report, Pierre, SD.
Ermer, M. (2003). New York winter river otter survey. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Region 9, Buffalo, New York.
Esbensen, B.J. (2011). Playful Slider: The North American River Otter. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
ESSA: Endangered Species Scientific Authority. (1978). Export of bobcat, lynx, river otter, and American ginseng. Federal Register 43, 11082-11093.
Ethier, Y. (2003). Regarding otter. International Trapper, 11: 17-20.
Evans, J.W. (2006). Observer error in identifying species using indirect signs: Analysis of a river otter survey technique. M.S., Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas.
Evans, J.W., C.A. Evans, J.M. Packard, G. Calkins, and M. Elbroch. (2009). Determining observer reliability in counts of river otter tracks. Journal of Wildlife Management, 73(3): 426-432.
Evans, R., E. Addison, E. Villeneuve, K. MacDonald, and D. Joachim. (1998). An examination of spatial variation in mercury concentration in otter (Lutra canadensis) in south central Ontario. Science of the Total Environment, 213: 239-245.
Evans, R., E. Addison, E. Villeneuve, K. MacDonald, and D. Joachim. (2000). Distribution of inorganic and methylmercury among tissues in mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis). Environmental Research, (Section A), 84: 133-139.
Evans, R.D. and E.M. Addison. (1996). Spatial variation in total and methyl mercury concentrations in otter (Lutra canadensis) in central Ontario, Canada. Proceedings: 4th International Conference: Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Hamburg, 4: 406.
Eveland, T. (1978). The status, distribution, and identification of suitable habitat of river otters in Pennsylvania. M.S., East Stroudsburg University. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Fagen, J.M. (1986). Ecophenic variation and functional morphology of coastal and interior Lutra canadensis. M.S., West Chester University. West Chester, Pennsylvania.
Fain, A. and C.E. Yunker. (1980). Lutracarus canadensis n.g., n.sp. (Listrophoridae) from the river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Medical Entomology, 17: 424-426.
Famini, D. (2013). Case report of natural exposure, and one mortality, of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) to Parvovirus in a rehabilitation center. Wildlife Society, Proceedings of the Annual Conference.
Farney, J.P. and J.K. Jones, Jr. (1978). Recent records of the river otter in Nebraska. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1903-), 81(3): 275-276.
Faro, J.B., R.T. Bowyer, J.W. Testa, and L.K. Duffy. (1994). Assessment of injury to river otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Final Report
Faro, J.B., R.T. Bowyer, J.W. Testa, and L.K. Duffy. (1994). River otter component of the oiled mussel-bed study. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Final Report. Restoration Study 103-3. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 34828 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Soldotna, Alaska 99669. 10pp.
Feltrop, D. (2015). The role of silver carp in the trophic position and diet of river otters in Illinois. M.S. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Carbondale, Illinois.
Feltrop, P. D., C.K. Nielsen, and E.M. Schauber. (2016). Asian Carp in the Diet of River Otters in Illinois. The American Midland Naturalist, 176(2), 298-305.
Fenner, M.W. (unk). A few more otter. Morris W. Fenner. 20 pp. Available from https://www.rpoutdoors.com/
Ferrel, S.K. (1988). The habitat requirements of river otters (Lutra canadensis) with application to the Bill Williams River, Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department Report.
Field, R.J. (1970). Winter habits of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Michigan. Michigan Academician, 3: 49-58.
Fike, J.A. (2005). Genetic structure of river otter populations in eastern North America and an assessment of genotyping error rates associated with alternative sources of DNA. M.S., Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland.
Fike, J.A., T.L. Serfass, A.S. Behler, and O.E. Rhodes. (2004). Genotyping error rates associated with alternative sources of DNA for the North American river otter. IUCN: Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21A. 15 pp. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21A/Fike_et_al_2004_8th_OSG_Proc.pdf
Fimrite, P. (2015). San Francisco: Otter becomes a Bay Area sensation. Houston Chronicle, January 9.
Findlay, W.R. (1992). Ecological aspects and dietary habits of river otter in northeastern Utah. M.S., Brigham Young University. Provo, Utah.
Fish, F.E. (1994). Association of propulsive swimming mode with behaviour in river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Mammalogy, 75: 989-997.
Fisher, E.M. (1933). A fractured femur of the Alaskan river otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 14: 362-365.
Fisher, E.M. (1935). An anomalous muscle in the California river otter. Science, N.Y, 82: 172-173.
Fisher, E.M. (1942). The Osteology and Myology of the California River Otter. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 66 pp.
Fleming, W.J., C.F. Dixon, and J.W. Lovett. (1977). Helminth parasites of river otters (Lutra canadensis) from southeastern Alabama. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 44(2): 131-135.
Fleming, W.J., C.M. Bunk, G. Linscombe, N. Kinler, and C.J. Stafford. (1985). PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and reproduction in river otters from Louisiana. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 39: 337-343.
Flipin, S. (ed.). (1987). River otter reintroduction-update. Nongame Quarterly. Newsletter of the Ohio Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, 2: 5.
Foley, R.E., S.J. Jackling, R.J. Sloan, and M.K. Brown. (1998). Organochlorine and mercury residues in wild mink and otter: Comparison with fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 7: 363- 674.
Foley, R.E., T. Martin, and G. Caputo. (1991). Mink and otter in New York State: Contaminants and preliminary populations. p. 12. In: Addison, E.M., G.A. Fox, and Gilbertson. (eds.). Proceedings of the expert consultation meeting on mink and otter. March 5 and 6, 1991. Sponsored by Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Windsor, Ontario.
Foottit, R.G. and R.W. Butler. (1997). Predation on glaucous-winged gulls by river otter. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 91: 189-190.
Forman, N.S. (2015). River otter population monitoring in northeastern Pennsylvania using non-invasive genetic sampling and spatial capture-recapture models. M.S. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, Old Main, State College, Pennsylvania.
Fortin, C, G. Beauchamp, M. Dansereau, N. Lariviere, and D. Belanger. (2001). Spatial variation in mercury concentrations in wild mink and river otter carcasses from the James Bay Territory, Quebec, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 40: 121-127.
Foster-Turley, P. (1990). Otters in captivity. pp. 17-19. In: Foster-Turley, P., S. Macdonald, and C. Mason (eds.). Otters: an action plan for their conservation. Kelvyn Press, Broadview, Illinois.
Foy, M.K. (1984). Seasonal movement, home range, and habitat use of river otter in southeastern Texas. M.S., Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas.
Francis, D.R. and K.A. Bennet. (1994). Additional data on mercury accumulation in northern Michigan river otters. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 9: 1-5.
Fretueg, G. (2012). Mapping river otter latrine sites in a restored floodplain. M.S., University of Illinois. Springfield, Illinois
Fretueg, G. R., T.J. Martin, C. Widga, and D.R. Ruez Jr, D. R. (2015). Summer diet characteristics of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in central Illinois. The American Midland Naturalist, 173(2): 294-304
Friar, J.L. (2019). Status of river otter populations across New York state: Summary of population surveys conducted by the NY-DEC Bureau of Wildlife and SUNY ESF, Roosevelt Wildlife Station. 24 pp.
Friar, J., G. Batcheller, and A. MacDuff. (2011). A non-harvest based assessment of river otter (Lontra canadensis) in the Mohawk River Valley of New York. Unpublished.
Friley, C.E. (1949). Age determination by use of the baculum, in the river otter (Lutra c. canadensis) Schreber. Journal of Mammalogy, 30: 102-110.
Gable, T.D., S.K. Windels, and I.C. Rautio. (2017). River otter (Lontra canadensis) killed by wolves (Canis lupus) during winter in northern Minnesota. The Canadian Field- Naturalist, 131(3): 252-253.
Gallagher, E. (1999). Monitoring trends in reintroduced river otter populations. M.S., University of Missouri-Columbia. Columbia, Missouri.
Gallant, D. (2004). White-winged crossbills obtain forage from river otter feces. The Wilson Bulletin, 116(2): 181-184.
Gallant, D. (2007). Species-wise disparity in scientific knowledge about otters: an obstacle to optimum management and conservations actions? IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 24: 5-13. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume24/Gallant_2007.html
Gallant, D. and A. Sheldon. (2008). Agonistic interactions between river otters and beavers: An observation and review. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 25(1): 23-27. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume25/Gallant_Sheldon_2008.html
Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, and C.H. Berube. (2007). Unveiling the limitations of scat surveys to monitor social species: A case study on river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(1): 258-265.
Gallant, D. (2006). Évaluation de méthodes de suivi de la loutre de rivière (Lontra canadensis) et son potentiel en tant qu’indicateur de l’intégrité écologique des habitats riverain. [Assessment of monitoring methods for the river otter (Lontra canadensis) and its potential as an indicator of the ecological integrity of riparian habitats]. Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc. thesis. Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada).
Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, and C.H. Berube. (2008). Evaluating bridge survey ability to detect river otter (Lontra canadensis) presence: A comparative study. Wildlife Biology, 14(1): 61-69.
Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, M. Dumond, E. Tremblay, and C.H. Berube. (2009). Habitat selection by river otters (Lontra canadensis) under contrasting land use regimes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 87: 422-432.
Gallo-Reynoso, J. P., S. Macías-Sánchez, V.A. Nuñez-Ramos, A. Loya-Jaquez, I.D. Barba- Acuña, L.D.C. Armenta-Méndez, J.J. Guerrero-Flores, G. Ponce-García, and A.A. Gardea-Bejar. (2019). Identity and distribution of the Nearctic otter (Lontra canadensis) at the Río Conchos Basin, Chihuahua, Mexico. Therya, 10(3): 243-253.
Garwood, J.M., R.A. Knapp, K.L. Pope, M.L. Magnuson and J.R. Maurer. (2013). Use of historically fishless high mountain lakes and streams by Nearctic river otters (Lontra canadensis) in California. Northwestern Naturalist, 94(1): 51-66.
Gaydos, J., P. Conrad, K. Gilardi, G. Blundell, and M. Ben-David, (2007). Does human proximity affect antibody prevalence in marine-foraging river otters (Lontra canadensis)? Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43(1): 116-123.
Gaydos, J.K., M.A. Delaney and S. Raverty. (2020). Causes of Mortality in a Population of Marine-Foraging River Otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases: 56(4): 941-946.
Gaydos, J., W. Miller, K. Gilardi, A. Melli, H. Schwantje, C. Engelstoft, H. Fritz, and P. Conrad. (2007). Cryptosporodium and Giardia in marine foraging river otters (Lontra canadensis) from the Puget Sound Georgia Basin ecosystem. Journal of Parasitology, 93(1): 198-202.
Gaydos, J.K. (2014). Diseases of river otters, a recovering species. Proceedings of the 2014 North American Veterinary Conference. Orlando, Florida. 3 pp.
Gerber, R. (2010). The winter distribution of North American river otter in Acadia National Park, Mount Desert Island, Maine. M.S. The University of Maine. Orno, Maine.
Gerrard, J. (2001). Searching for otters (in the U.S.). The River Otter Journal, (Fall 2001). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/15_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2001.pdf
Gibson, J.R. (1992). Otter Skins, Boston Ships and China Goods. University of Washington Press, Seattle, U.S.A.
Giere, P. and D.S. Eastman. (2000). American river otters, Lontra canadensis, and humans: occurrence in a coastal urban habitat and reaction to increased levels of disturbance. pp.107- 125. In: Griffiths, H.I. (ed.). Mustelids in a modern World: Management and conservation aspects of small carnivore: Human interactions. Griffiths Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
Gilbert, B. (1982). The Utterly delightful otter. Sports Illustrated, December 13, 57(25): 72
Gilbert, F.F., and E.G. Nancekivell. (1982). Food habits of mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) in northeastern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60(6): 1282-1288.
Gilhen, J. and K. Aaboe. (2008).Winter predation by river otter (Lontra canadensis) on Tautog (Tautoga onitis) at Western Arm Jeddore Harbour, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, Canada, with a review of evidence for resident relict populations of the Tautog in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 122(3): 247-252.
Giordano, A.J. (2005). Feeding ecology of a reintroduced river otter (Lontra canadensis) population in north central Pennsylvania. M.S., Frostburg State University. Frostburg, Maryland.
Godwin, B. L., S.E. Albeke, H.L. Bergman, A. Walters, and M. Ben-David. (2015). Density of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in relation to energy development in the Green River Basin, Wyoming. Science of The Total Environment, 532: 780-790.
Goedeke, T.L. (2005). Devils, angels or animals: The social construction of otters in conflict over management. pp. 25-50. In: Herda-Rapp, A. and T.L. Goedeke. (eds.). Mad about wildlife: Looking at social conflict over wildlife. Boston, Massachusetts: Brill.
Goedeke, T.L. and S. Rikoon. (2008). Otters as actors: Scientific controversy, dynamism of networks, and the implications of power in ecological restoration. Social Studies Science, 38:111-132.
Golden, H.N. (2000). Furbearer management techniques development. Job 3: Distribution, trend, habitat use, and harvest potential of coastal river otter populations (Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Research Progress Report, 1 July 1999-30 June 2000. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska.
Goldman, E.A. (1935). New American Mustelids of the genera Martes, Gulo, and Lutra. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 48: 175-186.
Goldman, E.A. (1936). A new otter from Kamchatka. Journal of Mammalogy, 17: 164.
Goldman, J.G. (2016). For river otters, social life is shaped by the latrine. Scientific American, online audio recording. Online. Access: https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/for-river-otters-social-life-is-shaped-by-the-latrine/
Goodman, P. (1981). River otter (Lutra canadensis) recovery plan. Colorado Division of Wildlife Report. (2nd draft). 24pp.
Goodman, P. (1984). River otter recovery plan. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver.
Gordon, C.E. (1908). The otter in Massachusetts. Science, N.Y. (n.s.) 28: 774.
Gorman, T.A. (2004). Survival, spatial characteristics, and natal den use of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in southeastern Minnesota. M.S., Minnesota State University. Mankato, Minnesota.
Gorman, T.A., B.R. McMillan, J.D. Erb, C.D. DePerno, and D.J. Martin. (2008). Survival and cause-specific mortality of a protected population of river otters in Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist, 159(1): 98-109.
Gorman, T.A., J.D. Erb, B.R. McMillan, and D.J. Martin. (2006). Space use and sociality of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy, 87(4): 740- 747.
Gorman, T.A., J.D. Erb, B.R. McMillan, D.J. Martin, and J.A. Homyack. (2006). Site characteristics of river otter (Lontra canadensis) natal dens in Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist, 156(1): 109-117.
Gormley, R.F. (2015). Problem solving and tool use in three species of otter. M.S. University of Tennessee-Chattanooga. Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Gotie, R.F., B. Penrod, and E.M. Ermer. (1994). Restoration of river otter in central and western New York. Project Proposal. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Bureau of Wildlife. Bath, New York. 35 pp.
Gould, G.I. (1984). River otter harvest evaluation. Sacramento, California. California Department of Fish and Game. Nongame Wildlife Investigations. Project Number W- 65-R. 11 pp.
Gould, G.I. Jr. (1977). Status of the river otter in California. Sacramento, CA. California Department of Fish and Game. 4 pp.
Grams, K. (2000). Exhibitry and enrichment of North American otters (Lontra canadensis) at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Animal Keepers Forum, 27(24).
Green, H.U. (1932). Observation on the occurrence of the river otter in the Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, in relation to beaver life. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 46: 204-206.
Green, J. and R. Green. (1992). Release techniques for otters: Theory and practice. Wildlife Rehabilitators Today, 3(4): 26-31.
Green, M. L., K. Monick, M.B. Manjerovic, J. Novakofski, and N. Mateus-Pinilla. (2015). Communication stations: cameras reveal river otter (Lontra canadensis) behavior and activity patterns at latrines. Journal of Ethology, 33: 225-234.
Greer, K.R. (1955)a. Yearly food habits of the river otter in the Thompson Lakes region, northwestern Montana, as indicated by scat analyses. American Midland Naturalist, 54(2): 299-313.
Greer, K.R. (1955)b. The otter’s diet - good or bad? Montana Wildlife, 5(3): 14.
Grenfell, W.E. Jr. (1974). Food habits of the river otter in Suisun Marsh, central California. M.S., California State University. Sacramento, California.
Griess, J.M. (1987). River Otter Reintroduction in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. M.S., University of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee.
Griess, J.M. and B. Anderson. (1987). Reintroduction of the river otter into the Obed Wild and Scenic River in Tennessee. Proceedings of the Southeast Nongame Endangered Wildlife Symposium, 3: 167-175.
Griffith, J.W., W.J. White, P.A. Pergrin, and A.A. Darrigrand. (1983). Proliferative pleuritis associated with Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. asaccharolyticus infection in a river otter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 13: 1287-1288.
Grinnell, J. (1914). Distribution of river otters in California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 12: 305-311.
Gross, B.M. (2013). Evaluating the critical habitat of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) 30 years after their recovery at the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge in Savanna, Illinois. Ph.D., Western Illinois University. Macomb, Illinois.
Grove, R.A, R. Bildfell, C.J. Henny, and D.R. Buhler (2003). Bilateral uric acid nephrolithiasis and ureteral hypertrophy in a free-ranging river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 39(4): 914-917.
Grove, R.A. (2006). Environmental contaminants in male river otters collected from Oregon and Washington, 1994-1999, with reproductive organ hypoplasia observed in otter males. Ph.D., Oregon State University.
Grove, R.A. and C.J. Henny. (2008). Environmental contaminants in male river otters from Oregon and Washington, USA, 1994-1999. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 145: 49-73.
Grove, R.A., and C.J. Henny. (2005). Environmental contaminants in river otter (Lontra canadensis) collected from the Willamette River, Oregon, 1996-1999. Final Report. Under Contract Number 1448-1342-98-N015. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Gudger, E.W. (1927). Fishing with the otter. The American Naturalist, 61(674): 193-225.
Guertin, D.A. (2009). Assessment of contaminant exposure, diet, and population metrics of river otters (Lontra canadensis) along the coast of southern Vancouver Island. M.S., Simon Fraser University. Burnaby, British Columbia.
Guertin, D.A., A.S. Harestad, and J.E. Elliott. (2010). Summer feeding habits of river otters inhabiting a contaminated coastal marine environment. Northwest Science, 84(1): 1-8.
Guertin, D.A., A.S. Harestad, M. Ben-David, K.G. Drouillard, and J.E. Elliott. (2010). Fecal genotyping and contaminant analyses reveal variation in individual river otter exposure to localized persistent contaminants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(2): 275-284.
Guertin, D.A., M. Ben-David, A. Harestad, and J.E. Elliott. (2012). Fecal genotyping reveals demographic variation in river otters inhabiting a contaminated environment. Journal of Wildlife Management, 76(8): 1540-1550.
Guido, L. (2019). Professor to discuss study of island’s elusive river otters. South Whidbey Record, July 6, 2019.
Gunther, M. and K. Brzeski. (2013). Evaluating river otter demography using noninvasive genetic methods. Journal Wildlife Management, 78(8): 1523-1531.
Gunther-Weigl, A.M. (2009). Humoral immune response in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra), Asian small-clawed (Aonyx cinereus) and North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) after vaccination with different canine distemper virus vaccines. Ph.D., Freien University. Berlin. (in German)
Guo, G., K.M. Eccles, M. McMillam, P.J. Thomas, H.M. Chan, and A.J. Puolain. (2020). The Gut Microbial Community Structure of the North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis) in the Alberta Oil Sands Region in Canada: Relationship with Local Environmental Variables and Metal Body Burden. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 39(12): 2516-2526.
Gyasi H., J. Curry, J. Browning, K. Ha, P.J. Thomas, and J.M. O’Brien. (2022). Microsatellite mutation frequencies in river otters (Lontra canadensis) from the Athabasca Oil Sands region are correlated to polycyclic aromatic compound tissue burden. Environmental and Genetic Mutagenesis, https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22482 . Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35452555.
Haar, A. K. R. (2016). Recommendations for the successful captive breeding of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Ph.D. Colorado State University-Pueblo. Pueblo, Colorado.
Haigh, H. and A. Lachowicz. (2003). Comparison of activity levels and methods of introduction between a juvenile and adult pair of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Proceedings of the National Conference of the American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc., 29: 131-140.
Haines, K., R. Evans, M. O’Brien, and H. Evans. (2010). Accumulation of mercury and selenium in the brain of river otters (Lontra canadensis) and wild mink (Mustela vison) from Nova Scotia. Science of The Total Environment, 408: 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.055
Haines, K.J.R. (2005). Accumulation of mercury and selenium in the brain of river otter (Lutra canadensis) and mink (Mustela vison) from Nova Scotia, Canada, M.S., Trent University. Petersborough, Ontario.
Haire, M. (2009). Study of post-release data in the North American river otter (Lutra [Lontra] canadensis). Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin, Practioner’s Forum, 27(1): 3- 17. https://doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v27.112
Haire, M. (2011)a. Section 1-Hand-rearing and release techniques to maximize chance of success: When to rehabilitate, young pup care formula feeding, and weaning. pp. 1-20. In: Reed-Smith, J. (ed.). Successful Hand-rearing and Rehabilitation of North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group, Otters in Zoos, Aquaria, Rehabilitation, and Wildlife Sanctuaries (OZ) Task Force. https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/resources/otters-in-zoos-etc/
Haire, M. (2011)b. Section 2-Hand-rearing and release techniques to maximize chance of success: Otter housing, vocalizations, and health care. pp. 21-31. In: Reed-Smith, J. (ed.). Successful Hand- rearing and Rehabilitation of North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group, Otters in Zoos, Aquaria, Rehabilitation, and Wildlife Sanctuaries (OZ) Task Force. https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/resources/otters-in-zoos-etc/
Haire, M. (2011)c. Section 2-Hand-rearing and release techniques to maximize chance of success: Otter release, resources, and suggested reading. pp. 31-37. In: Reed-Smith, J. (ed.). Successful Hand- rearing and Rehabilitation of North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis). IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group, Otters in Zoos, Aquaria, Rehabilitation, and Wildlife Sanctuaries (OZ) Task Force. https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/resources/otters-in-zoos-etc/
Halbrook, R.S. (1978). Environmental pollutants in river otters of Georgia. M.S. University of Georgia. 82 pp.
Halbrook, R.S. and J.H. Jenkins. (1988). Cesium-137 levels detected in Georgia otters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 41: 765-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02021031
Halbrook, R.S., A. Woolf, G.F. Bubert, Jr., S. Ross, and W.E. Braselton. (1996). Contaminant concentrations in Illinois mink and otter. Ecotoxicology, 5(2): 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119049
Halbrook, R.S., J.H. Jenkins, and P.B. Bush. (1978). Some probable effects of environmental pollutants in the North American river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Georgia. International Theriological Congress, 2: 443.
Halbrook, R.S., J.H. Jenkins, P.B. Bush, and N.D. Seabolt. (1981). Selected environmental contaminants in river otters (Lutra canadensis) of Georgia and their relationship to the possible decline of otters in North America. pp. 1752-1762. In: Chapman, J.A. and D. Pursley. (eds.). World Furbearer Conference Proceedings, Vol. 3, World Furbearer Conference, Inc. Frostburg, Maryland, USA
Halbrook, R.S., J.H. Jenkins, P.B. Bush, and N.D. Seabolt. (1994). Sublethal concentrations of mercury in river otters: Monitoring environmental contamination. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 27(3): 306-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213164
Hamilton, C.F. (2014). Habitat and seasonal distribution of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) and vertebrate species assemblages in two protected areas of the Florida Everglades. M.S., Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center. Dania Beach, Florida.
Hamilton, D. (2006). From near zero to fifteen thousand-in 20 years! Missouri’s river otter saga by Missouri Department of Conservation. The River Otter Journal, XV(I): 1-2 and 4-5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/24_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2006.pdf
Hamilton, D., D.J. Witter, and T.L. Goedeke. (2000). Balancing public opinion in managing river otters in Missouri. Transactions of the 65th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 65: 292-299.
Hamilton, D.A. (1998)a. Missouri’s river otter population model: Operation and use. Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia, Missouri.
Hamilton, D.A. (1998)b. Missouri otter population assessment: 1996-97 and 1997-98 trapping seasons and petition for multi-year export authority. Final Report. Missouri Department of Conservation, Columbia. 24 pp.
Hamilton, D.A. (2004). River otter restoration, research and population management in the spotlight of a hostile angling public in Missouri. Abstracts of the Ninth Otter Colloquium, University of Frostburg. Frostburg, Maryland.
Hamilton, D.A. and D. Frantz. (1999). River otter harvest evaluation in Missouri, 1996- 1999. Study No. 45. Evaluation of sign-survey Techniques and catch per unit effort (CUE) to determine relative abundance of river otters in Missouri, 1996-1999. Missouri Department of Conservation. pp 60.
Hamilton, D.A. and J. Koppleman. (2001). Final report surveys and investigations projects as required by Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, Missouri. Federal Project No. W-13-R-55 (2001). Study No. 53: river otter food habits in Missouri. Job No. 2: Identification of fish species in river otter stomach samples using PCR-based DNA analysis during 1999. Missouri Department of Conservation. pp 10.
Hamilton, M.J. and P.K. Kennedy (1983). Genetic variation in river otter from western Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science. 58(1/2): 13.
Hamilton, W.J. Jr. (1961). Late fall, winter and early spring foods of 141 otters from New York. New York Fish and Game Journal, 8: 106-109.
Hamilton, W.J. Jr. and W.R. Eadie. (1964). Reproduction in the otter (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Mammalogy, 45(2): 242-252.
Haney, J. C. (2007). Translocations, transmitter effects, and veterinary care of otters (Mustelidae) during reintroduction: An annotated bibliography. Defenders of Wildlife. pp 9. https://www.defenders.org/sites/default/files/publications/translocations_transmitter_effects_and_veterinary_care_of_otters_during_reintroduction.pdf
Hanrahan, A. (2018). Spatial ecology of river otters in southern Illinois. M.S., Southern Illinois University. Carbondale, Illinois.
Hanrahan, A.T., A.U. Rutter, C.K. Nielsen, and E.M. Schauber. (2019). Spatial ecology of the river otters in a human-modified landscape. Journal of Mammalogy, 100(4): 1327-1339. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyz095
Hansen, H. (2003). Food habits of the North American river otter. The River Otter Journal, XII(II): 1-2. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/19_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2003.pdf
Hansen, H. (2004). Extraction technique and microsatellite primers on genotyping success and error rates of river otter (Lontra canadensis) fecal DNA. M.S., University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming.
Hansen, H. (2004). The effects of diet, extraction technique and microsatellite primers on genotyping success and error rates of river otter (Lontra canadensis) fecal DNA. M.S., University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming.
Hansen, H., D.B. McDonald, P. Groves, J.A.K. Maier, and M. Ben-David. (2009). Social networks and the formation and maintenance of river otter groups. Ethology, 115(4): 384-396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01624.x
Hansen, H., M. Ben-David, and D.B. McDonald. (2008). Effects of genotyping protocols on success and errors in identifying individual otters (Lontra canadensis) from their faeces. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8: 282-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01992.x
Hanson, S., Kilgore, K.H., Berzins, I.K., and Sheppard, B. (2007). Gastrointestinal lymphoma in a captive North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). IAAAM (International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine) Archive. https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=3865406
Harding, L. (1999). Contaminants in otter, mink and marten in British Colombia. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 16(2): 97-101. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume16/Harding_1999.html
Harding, L. (2002). Environmental contaminants and reproductive and physiological condition of wild mink (Mustela vison), martens (Martes americana), river otters (Lutra canadensis) and wolverines (Gulo luscus). Ph.D., Gifu University. Gifu, Japan.
Harding, L., J. Elliott, and C. Stephen. (1996). Contaminants and biological measurements in mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lontra canadensis). Organohalogen Compounds, 29: 102- 107.
Harding, L.E. and C. Stephen. (1996). Organochloride and trace metal contaminants in mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lontra canadensis) in the Columbia and Fraser River System. Fraser River Action Plan 3rd Research Workshop. Environment Canada FRAP97- 09, pp. 35-39.
Harding, L.E., M.L. Harris, and J.E. Elliott. (1998). Heavy and trace metals in wild mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lontra canadensis) captured on rivers receiving metals discharges. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 61: 600- 607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900803
Harding, L.E., M.L. Harris, C.R. Stephan, and J.E. Elliott. (1999). Reproductive and morphological condition of wild mink (Mustela vison) and river otters (Lutra canadensis) in relation to chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination. Environmental Health Perspective, 107(2): 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.99107141
Hardisky, T. (2013). River otter management in Pennsylvania: 2013-2022. Pennsylvania Game Commission. 55 pp. https://docslib.org/doc/3449208/river-otter-management-plan
Hardisky, T.S. (2015). River otter management plan in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Game Commission, Bureau of Wildlife Management Project Annual Job Report.
Harris, C.J. (1968). Otters: A Study of Recent Lutrinae. Weidenfield and Nicolson, London, United Kingdom, 397 pp.
Harris, J. (1969). Breeding the Canadian otter (Lutra c. canadensis): In a private collection. International Zoo Yearbook, 9: 90-91.
Hartup, B.K., G.V. Kollias, M.C. Jacobsen, B.A. Valentine, and K.R. Kimber. (1999). Exertional myopathy in translocated river otters from New York. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 35: 542-547. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-35.3.542
Harwell, G. (1985). Coccidiodomycosis in a river otter. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Conference, 50.
Haschke, J. and M. Ben-David. (2002). Row...Row...Row Your Boat, Gently Down “the Green.” The River Otter Journal, Fall XI(II): 10-11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/17_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2002.pdf
Hasenjager, M.J. (2011). Effects of increased feeding frequency on captive North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) behavior. M.S., Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan.
Haskell, S. P. (2006). First record of a river otter (Lontra canadensis) captured on the northeastern coast of Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 120(2): 235-236. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v120i2.294
Hatcher, R.T. (1984). River otters in Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 64: 17-19.
Hatler, D.F., G. Mowat, and A.M.M. Beal. (2003). Fur bearer management guidelines: River otter (Lontra canadensis). British Columbia Trappers Association. 10 pp.
Hayward, J.L. Jr., C.J. Amlaner Jr., W.H. Gillett, and J.F. Stout. (1975). Predation on nesting gulls by a river otter in Washington State. The Murrelet, 56(2): 9-10. https://www.academia.edu/21235903/Predation_on_Nesting_Gulls_by_a_River_Otter_in_Washington_State
Hazzard, A.M., C.R. Griffin, E.P. Orff, and G.S. Jones. (1993). Assessment of river otter harvests in New Hampshire. Northeast Wildlife, 50: 77-84. https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/newildlife/id/6150/rec/49
Hecker, M.K., L.K. Duffy, G.M. Blundell, and T.R. Boyer. (1997). River otters as sentinel species: effect and detection of crude oil on the fur of river otters. In: Ottum, N.D, (ed.).Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Effects of Oil on Wildlife.
Heft, J. (2021). Misunderstood Mesos: North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis), Wolf Education & Research Center. wolfcenter.org. https://wolfcenter.org/misunderstood-mesos-north-american-river-otter-lontra-canadensis
Helon, D.A. (2006). Summer home range, habitat use, movements, and activity patterns of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the Killbuck Watershed, northeastern Ohio. M.S., West Virginia University. Morgantown, West Virginia.
Helon, D.A., C.P. Dwyer, M.D. Witt, J.W. Edwards, and J.T. Anderson. (2013). Summer movements and activity patterns of river otters in northeastern Ohio, U.S.A. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3(3): 181-190. http://www.iaees.org/publications/journals/piaees/articles/2013-3(3)/movements-and-activity-patterns-of-river-otters.pdf
Helon, D.A., J.T. Anderson, C.P. Dwyer, and J.W. Edwards. (2004). Summer home range size and habitat use by river otters in Ohio. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21A. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21A/Helon_et_al_2004_8th_OSG_Proc.pdf
Henderson, C. (1978). Minnesota river otter status report: 1977. Minnesota Wildlife Research Quarterly, 38(4): 251-254.
Henny, C.J. (1991). Chemicals in mink and otter from the Columbia River area and population studies. p. 19. In: Addison, E.M., G.A. Fox, and M. Gilbertson. (eds.). Proceedings of the expert consultation meeting on mink and otter. March 5 and 6, 1991. Sponsored by Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resousrces, Windsor, Ontario.
Henny, C.J., L.J. Blus, S.V. Gregory, and C.J. Stafford. (1981). PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in wild mink and river otters from Oregon. pp. 1763-1780. In: Chapman, J.A. and D. Pursley (eds.). Proceedings of the Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Vol. 3, Frostburg, Maryland.
Henny, C.J., R.A. Grove, and O.R. Hedstrom. (1996). A field evaluation of mink and river otter on the lower Columbia River and their influence of environmental contaminants. Final report to: The Lower Columbia River Bi-State Water Quality Program.
Henson, R., E. Raskin, S.L. Deem, and K.L. Vaughn (1997). What is your diagnosis? A river otter with anemia. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 26(1): 14, 18-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1997.tb00692.x
Hernandez-Divers, S.M., G.V. Kollias, N. Abou-Madi, and B.K. Hartup. (2001). Surgical technique for intra-abdominal radio transmitter placement in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 32(2): 202-205. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2001)032[0202:stfiar]2.0.co;2
Herreman, J. and M. Ben-David. (2002). Population survey for river otters in Rocky Mountain National Park. The River Otter Journal, XI(I). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/16_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2002.pdf
Hickey, B. (2016). Yes, more otters are calling the Schuylkill River home. PhillyVoice, June 22, 2016. https://www.phillyvoice.com/yes-there-are-more-otters-phillys-schuylkill-river/
Hill, E.P. (1978). Current harvest and regulation of trade of river otters in the southeastern United States in 1978. pp. 164-172. In: Odum, R.R. and L. Landers, (eds.). Proceedings of Rare and Endangered Wildlife Symposium. Georgia Department of Natural Resources Game and Fish Division, Technical Bulletin, WK4. 184 pp.
Hill, E.P. and J.W. Lovett. (1975). Pesticide residues in beaver and river otter from Alabama. Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 29: 365-369. https://seafwa.org/sites/default/files/journal-articles/HILL-365.pdf
Hill, E.P. and R.R.P. Stardom. (1983). River otter (Lutra canadensis). Pp.176-181. In: Deems Jr., E.F. and D. Pursley. (eds.). North American Furbearers; A Contemporary Reference, Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc. 228 pp.
Hill, E.P. and V. Lauhachinda. (1981). Reproduction in river otters from Alabama. and Georgia. pp. 478-486. In: Chapman, J.A. and D. Pursley (eds.). Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings. Worldwide Furbearer Conference, Inc.
Hinton, R. (2007). River otters make comeback [in North Dakota]. Reprinted with permission from The Bismarck Tribune, April 28, 2007. The River Otter Journal, XVI(II): 5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/26_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2007.pdf
Hoberg, E.P., C.J. Henny, O.R. Hedstrom, and R.A. Grove. (1997). Intestinal helminths of river otters (Lutra canadensis) from the Pacific Northwest. The Journal of Parasitology, 83(1): 105- 110. https://doi.org/10.2307/3284324
Hodder, D. and R.V. Rea. (2006). Winter habitat use by river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the John Prince Research Forest, Ft. James, British Columbia. Wildlife Afield, 3:111- 116. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262415655_Winter_habitat_use_by_River_Otters_Lontra_canadensis_in_the_John_Prince_Research_Forest_Fort_St_James_British_Columbia
Holcombe, J. (1980). Winter food habits of the river otter in southern Louisiana. M.S., Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge.
Holdhusen, A. (2011). Distribution of river otter (Lontra canadensis) within the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area: Results of a two year study of winter sign surveys. National Park Service. 3pp.
Holland, A.M., E.M. Schauber, C.K. Nelson, and E.C. Helgren. (2019). River otter and mink occupancy dynamics in riparian systems. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 33(7):1497-1482. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21745
Holland, A. and J. van der Merve. (2016). Do river otters conform to habitat suitability assessments? Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 157(1): 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03209.x
Home, W. (1982). Ecology of river otters (Lutra canadensis) in marine coastal environments. M.S., University of Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska.
Hooper, E.T. and B.T. Ostenson. (1949). Age groups in Michigan otter. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, 518: 1-22. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/56956
Hoover, J., C. Root, and M. Zimmer. (1984). Clinical evaluation of American river otters in a reintroduction. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 185: 1321-1326.
Hoover, J.P. (1984). Surgical implantation of radiotelemetry devices in American river otters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 185: 1317-1320.
Hoover, J.P. (1985). Electrocardiograms of American river otters (Lutra canadensis) during immobilization. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 21(3): 331-334. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-21.3.331
Hoover, J.P. and E.G. Jones. (1986). Physiologic and electrocardiographic responses of American river otters (Lutra canadensis) during chemical immobilization and inhalation anesthesia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 22: 557-563. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.4.557
Hoover, J.P. and R.D. Tyler. (1986). Renal function and fractional clearances of the American river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 22: 547-556. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-22.4.547
Hoover, J.P., A.E. Castro, and M.A. Nievis. (1985). Serologic evaluation of vaccinated American river otters. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 187: 1162-1165
Hoover, J.P., R.J. Bahr, M.A. Nieves, R.T. Doyle, M.A. Zimmer, and S.E. Lauzon. (1985). Clinical evaluation and prerelease management of American river otters in the second year of a reintroduction study. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 187: 1154-1161.
Hotopp, K.P., A.M. Hotopp, and M.R. Gorrell. (2020). North American river otters followed by piscivorous birds, and a river otter parental distraction display. Northeastern Naturalist, 27(1): N11-N15. https://doi.org/10.1656/045.027.0111
Householder H. M. , J. Henry, Bianca Zaffarano, A.J. Gall, B. Nixon, and J.E. Olds. (2021). Dexmedetomidine, Butorphanol, and Midazolam as a reversible induction protocol in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51(4): 834-840. https://doi.org/10.1638/2019-0177
Huang, A.C., C. Nelson, D.A. Guertin, and J.E. Elliott. (2017). Contaminant exposure in marine foraging river otters from Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 2016 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference, Fate and Effects of Pollutants. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43482
Huang, A.C., C. Nelson, J.E. Elliott, D.A. Guertin, C. Ritland, K. Drouillard, K.M. Chang, and H.M. Schwantje. (2018). River otters (Lontra canadensis) "trapped" in a coastal environment contaminated with persistent organic pollutants: Demographic and physiological consequences. Environmental Pollution, 238: 306-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.035
Hubbard, B. and T. Serfass. (2004). Assessing the distribution of reintroduced populations of river otters in Pennsylvania (USA) - development of a landscape-level approach. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21(2): 63-67. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21/Hubbard_Serfass_2004.html
Humphrey, R. and S. Zinn. (1982). Seasonal habitat use by river otters and Everglades mink in Florida. Journal of Wildlife Management, 46: 375-381. https://doi.org/10.2307/3808649
Isadore, M. and T. Carroll. (2022). River otter (Lontra canadensis) monitoring report 2021 , Marin County, California. River Otter Ecology Project, 10 pp. https://riverotterecology.org/wp-content/uploads/2021-Monitoring-Report-FINAL.pdf
Island, H.D., B. Smith, E.M. Winn, K. Newberry, J. Manfredini, R.J. Slyngstad, and S. Strack (2021) A longitudinal study of parenting conditions on two adult, North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Repetitive Behavior. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.1880906
Island, H.D., Smith, B., & Win, E. (2018). Influence of pups on Abnormal Repetitive Behavior among two Captive North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis). Western Psychological Association, Portland Oregon, Marriot Waterfront. April 28, 2018
Israels, J, 2nd. (1942). Fetch otties! World’s only trained otter herd. Saturday Evening Post, 214:16.
Jackson, M.A., D. Fertland, and J.F. Bergan. (1998). Recent records of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) along the Texas coast. Texas Journal of Science, 50: 243-247. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dagmar-Fertl/publication/275343428_Recent_records_of_the_river_otter_Lutra_canadensis_along_the_Texas_Gulf_Coast/links/553916570cf2239f4e7c556a/Recent-records-of-the-river-otter-Lutra-canadensis-along-the-Texas-Gulf-Coast.pdf
Jalkotzy, M. (1980). River otter reintroduction feasibility study, Kananaskis County, Alberta. Unpublished report. University of Calgary. Calgary, Alberta.
Jeffress, M.R., C.P. Paukert, B.K. Sandercock, and P.S. Gipson. (2011). Factors affecting detectability of river otters during sign surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management, 75: 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.12
Jeffress, M.R., C.P. Paukert, J.B. Whittier, B.K. Sandercock, and P.S. Gipson. (2011). Scale-dependent factors affecting North American river otter distribution in the Midwest. The American Midland Naturalist, 166(1): 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-166.1.177
Jenkins, D.H. (1951). What we otter know. Michigan Conservation, 20(2): 9-10, 23-24.
Jenkins, J.H. (1983). The status and management of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in North America. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 174: 233-235. https://doi.org/10.3996/102018-JFWM-093
Johnson, C.J., D. Hodder, and S.M. Crowley. (2013). Assessing noninvasive hair and fecal sampling for monitoring the distribution and abundance of river otters. Ecological Research, 28(5): 881-892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-013-1071-8
Johnson, S.A. and K.A. Berkley, and J.E. Fisher. (1996). Indian River otter reintroduction plan -1996. Indiana Division of Fish & Wildlife. Work Plan #95410, 9 pp.
Johnson, S.A. and K.A. Berkley. (1999)b. Construction of a natal den by an introduced river otter, Lutra canadensis, in Indiana. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 113(2): 301- 304. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34235163
Johnson, S.A. and R.F. Madej. (1994). Reintroduction of the river otter in Indiana: feasibility study. Final Report. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. 30 pp.
Johnson, S.A., and K.A. Berkley. (1999)a. Restoring river otters in Indiana. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27: 419-427. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3783909
Johnson, S.A., H.D. Walker, C.M. Hudson, T.R. Hewitt, and J.S. Thompson. (2007). Prospects for restoring river otters in Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 116(1): 71-83. https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/8737/8796
Johnson, S.A., K.A. Berkley, and C. Jones. (1999). Indiana river otter reintroduction program. Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife, Work Plan #98410.
Johnson, S.A., K.A. Berkley, and C. Jones. (2000). Indiana river otter reintroduction program -1999. The River Otter Journal, IX(I): 9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/12_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2000.pdf
Johnson, S.A., K.A. Berkley. (1997). Indian River otter reintroduction plan -1997. Indiana Division of Fish & Wildlife. Work Plan #95410, 11pp.
Johnson, T. (1994). River otter survey results. Unpublished Report. National Park Service: Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.
Johnson, T. (1996). River otter survey results. Unpublished Report. National Park Service: Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.
Johnson, T. (2001). More Fall 2001 otter updates: Unusual incident reported in Florida. The River Otter Journal, X(II). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/15_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2001.pdf
Johnston, T. (2000). I'm the new Grand Canyon river otter reintroduction program goodwill ambassador. The River Otter Journal, IX(2): 2-3. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/13_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2000.pdf
Johnston, T. (2000). River otter trapping. The River Otter Journal, IX(I): 12. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/12_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2000.pdf
Johnston, T. (2003). "Any Otters for Me?" The River Otter Journal, XII(I): 4-5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/18_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2003.pdf
Johnston, T. (2005). A Film Review: Seasons of the Otter. Landis, B. Cinematographer. The River Otter Journal, XIV(II): 14. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/23_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2005.pdf
Johnstone, P. (1978). Breeding and rearing the Canadian otter at Mole Hole Wildlife Park 1966-1977. International Zoo Yearbook, 18: 143-147.
Jones, C. (2000). Investigations of prey and habitat use by the river otter (Lutra canadensis) near San Juan Island, Washington. M.S., Western Washington University. Bellingham, Washington.
Jordan, A. (2020). Habitat suitability modeling for Lontra canadensis in east Tennessee. M.S., Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. University of Tennessee-Chattanooga.
Just, E., S.S. Stevens, R.M. Spinola, and T.L. Serfass. (2012). Detecting river otter (Lontra canadensis) latrines near bridges: Does habitat and season influence survey success? Wildlife Biology, 18: 264-271. http://hdl.handle.net/11056/17996
Just, E.H. (2007). Effectiveness of bridge-sign surveys on determining river otter presence. M.S., Frostburg State University. Frostburg, Maryland.
Return to the top
Kane, K.K. (1979). Medical management of the otter. pp.100-103. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Veterinarians.
Kannan, K., J. Newsted, R.S. Halbrook, and J.P. Giesy. (2002). Perfluorooctane sulfonate and related hydrocarbons in mink and river otters from the United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 36(4): 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0205028
Kannan, K., R.A. Grove, K. Senthilkumar, C.J. Henny, and J.P. Giesy. (1999). Butylin compounds in river otters (Lontra canadensis) from northwest United States. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 36(4): 462-468. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/1999ArECT..36..462K/doi:10.1007/PL00006619
Karnes, M.R. and R. Tumlison. (1984). The river otter in Arkansas. III. Characteristics of otter latrines and their distribution along beaver-inhabited watercourses in southwestern Arkansas. Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 38: 56-59.
Karns, P.D. (1977). Beaver and otter harvest survey, 1976. Minnesota Wildlife Research Quarterly, 37(2): 135-143.
Kauffman, J. (2011). Dietary preferences, parasitic infections, and spatial dynamics of Nearctic River otters (Lontra canadensis) in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. M.S., East Stroudsburg University. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Kaufman, D.W., R.C. Kaufman, and G.A. Kaufman. (2017). Recent observations of the northern river otter along Carr Creek, Osborne County, Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 120(3-4): 215-218. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26429184
Kaukl, M.O. (1950). Game farm otter. Wisconsin Conservation Bulletin, 15(12): 21-22.
Ke Chung Kim and K.C. Emerson. (1974). Latagophthirus rauschi, new genus and new species (Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae) from the river otter (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 11(4): 442-446. https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3246.pdf
Keith, E.F. (1944). Facts about otters. Outdoorsmen, Chicago, 86: 26-28.
Kellnhauser, J.T. (1970). Observations on limb amputation in the Canadian otter. International Zoo Yearbook, 10: 170-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1970.tb01325.x
Kellnhauser, J.T. (1983). The acceptance of Lontra (Gray) for the New World river otters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(1): 278-279. https://doi.org/10.1139/z83-036
Kelly, M. (2020). Raised by otters. North Coast Journal of Politics, People & Art. September 17, 2020. https://www.northcoastjournal.com/life-outdoors/raised-by-otters-18442889
Kennedy, K. (1968). River otter feeding on glaucous-winged gull. Blue Jay, 26: 109.
Kiesow, A. and C.D. Dieter. (2005). Availability of suitable habitat for northern river otters in South Dakota. Great Plains Research, 15: 31-44 https://www.jstor.org/stable/23779837
Kiesow, A.M. (2003). Feasibility of reintroducing the river otter (Lontra canadensis) in South Dakota. M.S., South Dakota State University. Brookings, South Dakota.
Kiesow, A.M., and C.D. Dieter. (2003). Status and distribution of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in South Dakota. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, 82: 79-87. https://sdaos.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/2003/79-87.pdf
Kilham, L. (1982a). Common crows pulling the tail and stealing food from river otter. Florida Field Naturalist. 10: 39-40. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/ffn/vol10/iss2/5
Kilham, L. (1982b). Behavior of river otters by a water hole in a drought year. Florida Field Naturalist, 10(3): 60. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/FFN_10-3-p60-61Kilham%5B1%5D.pdf
Kimber, K. and G.V. Kollias. (2005). Evaluation of injury severity and hematologic and plasma biochemistry values for recently captured North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 36(3): 371-384. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20096473
Kimber, K., G.V. Kollias, and E.J. Dubovi. (2000). Serological survey of selected in viral agents recently captured wild river otters (Lontra canadensis). pp. 443-448. In: Fowler, M.E. and R.E. Miller, (eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Kimber, K.R. and G.V. Kollias. (2000). Infectious and parasitic diseases and contaminant- related problems of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis): A review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(4): 452-472. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0452:iapdac]2.0.co;2
Kimber, K.R., G.V. Kollias, and E.J. Dubovi. (2000). Serologic survey of selected viral agents in recently captured wild North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(2): 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0168:SSOSVA]2.0.CO;2
Kinlaw, A. (2004). High mortality of Nearctic river otters on a Florida, USA Interstate highway during an extreme drought. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21(2): 76- 88. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21/Kinlaw_2004.html
Kinsey, C. (1981). Experimental otter census. pp.149-150. In: Joselyn, B. and S. Spollman (eds.). Wildlife Populations and Research Unit Project Descriptions. Section of Wildlife, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul.
Kirk, D. (1975). River otter survey progress report. Sacramento, California. California Department of Fish and Game. Nongame Wildlife Investigation. 10 pp.
Kiyota, M., N. Yoshikawa, Y. Ohno, K. Kohyama, and M. Nakajima. (2009). External morphology of captive Canadian river otters (Lontra canadensis): Comparison of body proportions between a neonate and adults. Mammalian Science, 49(2): 269-275. https://doi.org/10.11238/mammalianscience.49.269
Klenavic, K., L. Champoux, M. O’Brien, P. Daoust, R. Evans, and H. Evans. (2008). Mercury concentrations in wild mink (Mustela vison) and river otters (Lontra canadensis) collected from eastern and Atlantic Canada: Relationship to age and parasitism. Environmental Pollution, 156: 359-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2008.02.003
Klenavic, K., R.D. Evans, M. O’Brien, and P.Y. Daoust. (2004). Levels of Mercury in mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lontra canadensis) from Ontario and Nova Scotia: Relation to age and parasitism. RMZ Mater Geoenviron, 5: 1124-1127.
Klingel, J. and R. Conn. (2003). River otter (Lontra canadensis) surveys of Rio Chama, San Francisco and lower Gila Rivers, New Mexico. Report from New Mexico River Otter Working Group. 8 pp. + appendices.
Klingel, J. and S. MacDonald. (2002). Southwestern river otter (Lontra canadensis sonora): Summary of taxonomy, legal status, and distribution in New Mexico. Unpublished report to New Mexico River Otter Working Group. 4 pp.
Klomp. J.A. (2007). A river otter runs through it: A population genetic analysis of otters in Oregon following recolonization. M.S., Central Michigan University. Mount Pleasant, Michigan.
Klutsch, C.F.C. and P.J. Thomas. (2018). Improved genotyping and sequencing success rates for North American river (Lontra canadensis). European Journal of Wildlife Research, 64(16):
1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-018-1177-y
Knaus, R.M., N. Kinler, and R. Linscombe. (1983). Estimating river otter populations: The feasibility of 65Zn to label faeces. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 11: 375-377. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3781676
Knudsen, G.J. (1956)a. Preliminary Otter Investigations-Wisconsin. P. R. Project #W-79-R- 1, Job#1- A: 131-147.
Knudsen, G.J. (1956)b. Forest game and range research project: Preliminary otter investigations (Job Completion Report W-079 R-O1). Wisconsin Conservation Department.
Knudsen, G.J. and J.B. Hale. (1968). Food habits of otters in the Great Lakes Region. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 32(1): 89-93. https://doi.org/10.2307/3798240
Koepfli, K.P. and R.K. Wayne. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Journal of Zoology, 246(4): 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00172.x
Kohn, B.E. and A.M. Roth. (2003). Development of an aerial otter survey in Wisconsin. Pittman Robertson Final Report. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison
Kohn, B.E. and J.E. Ashbrenne. (1984). Harvest and population status of river otter in Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of natural Resources. Research Report #129.
Kolba, N. (2015)a. Population genetics of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). M.S., East Stroudsburg University. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Kolba, N. (2015)b. Babeisa spp. in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis), beavers (Castor canadensis), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and mink (Neovison vison) in Pennsylvania and New Jersey: A lab report on file with the Wildlife DNA Laboratory, East Stroudsburg University. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Kollars, T.M. Jr., R.E. Lizotte Jr., and W.E. Wilhem. (1997). Gastrointestinal helminths in the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Tennessee. The Journal of Parasitology, 83(1): 158-160. https://doi.org/10.2307/3284338
Kollias, G.V., P. McDonough, B. Valentine, B. Hartup, N. Abou-Madi, K. Kimber, and E. Gentz. (1998). Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxicosis in recently captured North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Conference 1998.
https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=10027319
Kollias, G.V., Kimber, K.R., Abou-Madi N., Hartup, B. and Hoogesteyn, A. (1997). Health Assessment, Medical Management and Pre-Release Conditioning of Translocated North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis). American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Conference 1997, Oct. 26 - 30 Houston, TX, USA. https://www.vin.com/doc/?id=10047395&meta=generic
Kollias, G.V., and Fernandez-Moran, J. (2015). Mustelidae. Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 8: 476–91. https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4557-7397-8.00048-7
Kollias, G. (1999). Health assessment, medical management, and prerelease conditioning of translocated North American river otters. pp. 443-448. In: Fowler, M.W. and R.E. Miller (eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy 4. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Kollias, G. (2003). Health assessment, medical management, pre-release conditioning of translocated North American river otters. In: Fowler, M.W. and R.E. Miller. (eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 5th edition. Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri,
Kroeger, T. (2005). Economic benefits of reintroducing river otter (Lontra canadensis) into rivers in New Mexico. Prepared for Amigos Bravos by the Conservation Economics Program, Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, D.C. 32 pp.
Kruuk, H. (1995). Wild Otters: Predation and Populations. Oxford University Press. 290 pp.
Kruuk, H. (2006). Otters: ecology, behaviour and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 265 pp.
Kucera, E. (1983). Mink and otter as indicators of mercury in Manitoba waters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(10): 2250-2256. https://doi.org/10.1139/z83-297
Kuehn, D.W. and W.E. Berg. (1983). Use of radiographs to age otters. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 11(1): 68-70. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3781088
Kuhn, R. and W. Meyer. (2010). A note on the specific cuticle structure of wool hairs in otters (Lutrinae). Zoological Science, 27(10): 826-829. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.27.826
Kuhn, R.A. and W. Meyer. (2010). Comparative hair structure in the Lutrinae (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Mammalia, 74: 291-303 https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.2010.039
Lacki, M.J. and E.E. Barding. (2012). Research on North American river otters in Kentucky: recovery, ecological impacts, and population dynamics. Kentucky Woodlands Magazine, 6(3): 16-17. https://kywoodlandsmagazine.ca.uky.edu/sites/kywoodlandsmagazine.ca.uky.edu/files/researchpg_16-17_1.pdf
Lagler, K.F. and B.T. Ostenson. (1942). Early spring food of the otter in Michigan. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 6(3): 244-254. https://doi.org/10.2307/3795909
Lancia, R.A. and J.D. Hair. (1983). Population status of bobcat (Felis rufus) and river otter (Lutra canadensis) in North Carolina. North Carolina State University. Project E-1, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Lander, A. (2015). Art Lander's Outdoors: Once endangered river otters now likely to be found in Kentucky for generations. Northern Kentucky Tribune, December 15. https://nkytribune.com/2015/12/art-landers-outdoors-once-endangered-river-otters-now-likely-to-be-found-in-kentucky-for-generations/
Lang, H. (1924). Position of limbs in the sliding otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 5: 216-217. https://doi.org/10.2307/1373294
Lankester, M.W. and V.J. Crichton. (1972). Skrjabingylus lutrae n. sp. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) from otter (Lutra canadensis). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50: 337-340. https://doi.org/10.1139/z72-046
Larivière S. and L.R. Walton. (1998). Lontra canadensis. Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists, 587: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2307/3504417
Larsen, D.N. (1983). Habitats, movements and foods of river otters in coastal southeastern Alaska. M.S., University of Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska. https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/pdfs/wildlife/research_pdfs/habitats_movements_foods_river_otters_coastal_eastern_ak_larsen_1983.pdf
Larsen, D.N. (1984). Feeding habits of river otters in coastal southeastern Alaska. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 48(4): 1446-1452. https://doi.org/10.2307/3801818
Larsen, D.N. (unk). Habitat use by river otter (Lontra canadensis) in southeastern Alaska. Unpublished report to the Alaska Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit. University of Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska.
Latch, E.K., D.G. Scognamillo, J.A. Fike, M.J. Chamberlain, and O.E. Rhodes Jr. (2008). Deciphering ecological barriers to North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) gene flow in Louisiana Landscape. Journal of Heredity, 99(3): 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esn009
Laubach, L.L., N. Kolba, L. Palmer, J. Kauffman, T. Rounsville, and J.E. Huffman. (2014). Genetic profile, dietary analysis, and parasitic infections of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Pennsylvania. Northeast Wildlife DNA Laboratory, East Stroudsburg University. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 36 pp.
Laughlin, J. (1955). River otter noted east of Sierran Crest. California Fish and Game, 41: 189. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18528880
Lauhachinda, V. (1978). Life history of the river otter in Alabama with emphasis on food habits. Ph.D., Auburn University. Auburn, Alabama.
Lauhachinda, V. and E.P. Hill. (1977). Winter food habits of river otters from Alabama and Georgia. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 3: 320-326. https://seafwa.org/sites/default/files/journal-articles/LAUHACHINDA-246.pdf
Lawrence. C. (2016). Patterns of northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) habitat selection, diel activity, group size and activity at latrine sites in Newfoundland, Canada. M.S., Memorial University of Newfoundland. St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador.
Lazell, J.D. , Jr. (1983). A river otter (Lutra canadensis) of record size. Canadian Field- Naturalist, 97(2): 225-226. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/354986
LeBlanc, F.A., D. Gallant, L. Vasseur, and L. Leger. (2007). Unequal summer use of beaver ponds by river otters: Influence of beaver activity, pond size, and vegetation cover. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 85(7): 774–782. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z07-056
Lehman, L.E. (1979). The feasibility of river otter reintroduction in Indiana. Final Report. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. 19 pp.
Leonardi, M.S. and R.L. Palma. (2013). Review of the systematics, biology and ecology of lice from pinnipeds and river otters (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae). Zootaxa, 3630(3): 445-466. https://mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03630p466f.pdf
Liers, E.E. (1951)a. Notes on the river otter (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Mammalogy, 32(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/1375406
Liers, E.E. (1951)b. My friends the land otters. Natural History, September. 320-326.
Liers, E.E. (1954). An Otter's Story. The Viking Press, New York. 191 pp.
Liers, E.E. (1958). Early breeding in the river otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 39: 438-439. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/39.3.438-b
Liers, E.E. (1960). Notes on breeding the Canadian otter. International Zoo Yearbook, 2: 84- 85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1960.tb02752.x
Liers, E.E. (1966). Notes on breeding the Canadian otter (Lutra canadensis) in captivity and longevity records of beavers (Castor canadensis). International Zoo Yearbook, 6: 171-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01740.x
Ligon, D.B. and J. Reasor. (2007). Predation on alligator snapping turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) by northern river otters (Lontra canadensis). The Southwestern Naturalist, 52(4): 608-610. https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[608:POASTM]2.0.CO;2
Lizotte R.E Jr. and M.L. Kennedy. (1997). Demography and food habits of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in western Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 72(3-4): 56-62. https://www.tennacadofsci.org/journal/articles/vol72/JTAS72-3-4-56.pdf
Lizotte, R.E. (1994). Biology of the river otter (Lutra canadensis). M.S., Memphis State University. Memphis, Tennessee.
Lodgsdon, C.W. (1989). Ecology of reintroduced river otters (Lutra canadensis) in Land Between the Lakes, Kentucky. M.S., Murray State University. Murray, Kentucky.
Loranger, A.J. (1981). Late fall and early winter foods of the river otter Lutra canadensis) in Massachusetts. pp.1976-1987. In: Chapman, J.A. and D. Pursley. (eds.). World Furbearer Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1. World Furbearer Conference, Inc. Frostburg, Maryland, USA.
Lostroh, T. and A. Ziegler. (2009). UNL wildlife unit tracks otters by collecting scats. Daily Nebraskan.10/29/09. https://unlcms.unl.edu/ianr/snr/nebraska-cooperative-fish-wildlife-research-unit/downloads/News%20Articles/daily%20nebraskan%20article%2010-29-09%20.pdf
Loupelle, C. (2004). Genotoxicity of methylmercury in North American river otters (Lutra canadensis). M.S., McGill University. Montreal, Quebec.
Lovallo, M.J., H.B. White, J.D. Erb, M.S. Peek, and T.J DeLiberto. (2021). Welfare performance of three foothold traps for capturing North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). USDA Wildlife Services - Staff Publications. 2523. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3517&context=icwdm_usdanwrc
Lumkes, R.A., C.C. Day, and P.A. Zollner. (2019). Behavioral response of the mammalian community to river otter latrine use. The American Midland Naturalist, 182(1): 75-88. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-182.1.75 Return to the top
Macdonald, S. and C. Mason. (1990). Threats. pp. 11-14. In: Foster-Turley, P., S. Macdonald and C. Mason. (eds.). Otters: An Action Plan for Their Conservation. Proceeding of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Otter Specialist Group Meeting, Gland, Switzerland. 126 pp. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.1990.SSC-AP.3.en
Mack, C.M. (1985). River otter restoration in Grand County, Colorado. M.S., Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado.
Mackenzie, R.J., C.P. Paukert, J.B. Whittier, B.K. Sandercock, and P.S. Gipson. (2011) . Scale-dependent factors affecting American river otter distribution in the midwest. The American Midland Naturalist, 166(1): 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-166.1.177
Magoulick, D.D. (unk). Effects of otter (Lontra canadensis) predation on stream communities: Active/Completed Projects, Wildlife Management, Arkansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife research unit. [Note: this is a project outline - V. Camp]
Magoun, A.J. and P. Valkenburg. (1977). The river otter (Lutra canadensis) on the north slope of the Brooks Range, Alaska. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 91: 303-305. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/345414
Malville, L. (1990). Movements, distribution, and habitat selection of river otters reintroduced into the Delores River, southwestern Colorado. M.S., University of Colorado, Boulder.
Malzahn, J., A.J. Caven, and J.D. Wiese. (2020). Characteristics of a river otter (Lontra canadensis) maternal den in the central Platte River Valley, NE. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences, 40: 30-38. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1540&context=tnas
Manning, T. (1990). Summer feeding habits of river otter (Lutra canadensis) on the Mendocino National Forest, California. Northwestern Naturalist, 71(2): 38-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3536587
Margetts, L. (2001). Frank Webb, Otter Expert. The River Otter Journal, X(I): 4-5.
https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/14_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2001.pdf
Mark, G.S., R.G. Linscombe, N.W. Kinler, R.M. Knaus, and V.L. Wright. (1988). Population estimates of river otters in a Louisiana coastal marshland. Journal of Wildlife Management, 52(3): 512-515. https://doi.org/10.2307/3801601
Marr, P. (1950). Emil Liers, The otter man. Nature Magazine, 43(3): 127-129.
Martin, D.J. (2007). River otters in southeastern Minnesota: Activity patterns and an aerial snow-track survey to index populations. M.S., Minnesota State University. Mankato, Minnesota.
Martin, D.J., B.R. McMillan, J.D. Erb, T.A. Gorman, and D.P. Walsh. (2010). Diel activity patterns of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in southeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy, 91(5): 1213-1224. https://doi.org/10.1644/09-MAMM-A-083.1
Martin, D.J., J.D. Erb, B.R. McMillan, J.R. Fieberg, and T.A. Gorman. (2003). River otters in southeastern Minnesota: Activity patterns and an index of populations based on aerial snow-track surveys. pp. 97-106. In: DonCarlos, M.W., R.O. Kimmel, J.S. Lawrence, and M.S. Lenarz. (eds.). Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN.
Mason, C. (1990). An introduction to the otters. pp. 4-7. In: Foster-Turley, P., S. Macdonald, and C. Mason (eds.). Proceedings of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Otter Specialist Group Meeting. Gland, Switzerland. 126 pp.
Mason. C.F. and S.M. Macdonald, (1986). Otters: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York & Cambridge.
Matt, C.L., C. Mans, G. Doss. M. Pinkerton, and B. Elsmo. (2020). Splenic T-cell lymphoma in a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). Open Veterinary Journal, 10(3): 272-275. https://doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i3.5
Maxfield, B., T. Bonzo, C. McLaughlin, and K. Bunnell. (2005). Northern river otter management plan. DWR Publication 04–30, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City.
Mayack, D.T. (2012). Hepatic mercury, cadmium, and lead in mink and otter from New York state: Monitoring environmental contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184(4): 2497-2516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2134-3
Mayack, D.T. and J. Loukmas. (2001). Progress report on Hudson River Mammals: Polychlorinated biphonyl (PCB) levels in mink, otter, muskrat and trapping results for mink, the upper Hudson River Drainage. 1998-2000. National Technical Information Service (NTS), USFWS. pp 60.
Mayer, A. (unknown). Role of riparian forests and surrounding matrix in functional connectivity of northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) populations. USDA: Research, Education & Economics Information System (REEIS). (unable to determine publication year)
Maysyada, M. (1998). No nonsense beaver and otter trapping. 65 pp. Available from https://www.rpoutdoors.com/
McAllister, C.T., A. Surf, R. Tumlison, C.R. Bursey, and T.J. Fayton. (2016). Gastrointestinal parasites of the northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) (Carnivora: Mustelidae), from Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 70: 284-286 https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol70/iss1/49/10.54119/jaas.2016.7041
McAllister, C.T. and T.J. Fayton. (2016). Bashkirovitrema canadense (Trematoda: Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Northern River Otter (Lontra canadensis) (Carnivora: Mustelidae), from Southeastern Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 95: 67-70. https://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/OAS/article/view/6873
McCallen, E.B. (2017). The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) on the Savannah River Site. M.S. Eastern Illinois University. Charleston, Illinois.
McCallen, E.B., K.F. Gaines, J.M. Novak, L.E. Ruyle, W.L. Stephens Jr., A.L. Bryan Jr., S.A. Blas, and T.L. Serfass. (2018). The development and use of a spatially explicit model for river otters to evaluate environmental hazards: A case study on the Department of Energy's Savannah River site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, July 190: 373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6752-x
McClellan, J. (1954). An otter catch on the Gila River on southeastern New Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy, 35(3): 443-444. https://doi.org/10.2307/1375988
McCullough, C.R., L.D. Heggemann, and H. Clifford. (1986). A device to restrain river otters. Caldwell Wildlife Society Bulletin, 14(2): 177-180. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782069
McDaniel, J.C. (1963). Otter population study. Proceedings of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 17: 163-168. https://seafwa.org/journal/1963/otter-population-study
McDonald, K.P. (1989). Survival, home range, movements, habitat use, and feeding habits of reintroduced river otters in Ohio. M.S., Ohio State University. Columbus, Ohio.
McElwee, B. (2008). The use of molecular scatology to study river otter (Lontra canadensis) genetics. M.S., Rochester Institute of Technology. Henrietta, New York.
McEwen, M.M., P.F. Moon-Massat, E.C. Butler, and G.V. Kollias. (2001). Polymerized bovine hemoglobin (oxyglobin solution) administration in two river otters (Lutra canadensis). Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 28: 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.00055.x
Mearns, E.A. (1891). Notes on the otter (Lutra canadensis) and skunks (genera Spilogale and Mephitis) of Arizona. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 3: 252-256 http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1654
Mech, L.D. (2002). Incidence of mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lutra canadensis) in a highly urbanized area. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 117: 115-116. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35249300
Mellen, J.D., V.J. Stevens, and H. Markowitz. (1981). Environmental enrichment for servals, Indian elephants and Canadian otters at Washington Park Zoo, Portland. International Zoo Yearbook, 21: 196-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1981.tb01981.x
Melquist, W. (1981). Ecological aspects of a river otter (Lutra canadensis) population in west-central Idaho. Ph.D., University of Idaho, Moscow.
Melquist, W.E. (1985). An overview of research on the North American river otter. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise.
Melquist, W.E. and A.E. Dronkert. (1987). River otters. pp. 625-641. In: Novak, M., J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard, and B. Malloch (eds.). Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario. 1150 pp.
Melquist, W.E. and M.G. Hornocker. (1979)a. Methods and techniques for studying and censusing river otter populations. Technical Report. No. 8. Forestry, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho. Moscow. 17 pp. https://www.lib.uidaho.edu/digital/fwres/items/fwres127.html
Melquist, W.E. and M.G. Hornocker. (1979)b. Development and use of a telemetry technique for studying river otter. Proceedings of the International Conference for Wildlife Biotelemetry, 2: 104-114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262048163_DEVELOPMENT_AND_USE_OF_A_TELEMETRY_TECHNIQUE_FOR_STUDYING_RIVER_OTTER_Pages_104-114
Melquist, W.E. and M.G. Hornocker. (1983). Ecology of river otters in west central Idaho. Wildlife Monographs, 83: 1-60. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830731
Melquist, W.E., J.S. Whitman, and M.G. Hornocker. (1981). Resource partitioning and coexistence of sympatric mink and river otter populations. pp. 187-220. In: Chapman, J.A. and D. Pursley. (eds.). Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings, August 3-11, 1980. Frostburg, Maryland.
Melquist, W.E., P.J. Polechla, and D. Toweill. (2003). River otter (Lontra canadensis). pp. 708–734. In: Feldhamer, G.A., B.C. Thompson, and J.A. Chapman (eds.). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. 2nd ed. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
Merilees, W.J. (1981). Berry eating otters. Discovery, 10(3): 69-70.
Meronk, S.E., C.C. Day, E. Flaherty, and P.A. Zollner. (2015). Investigating the impact of invasive Asian carp on river otter diet and the native fish communities of Indiana. The Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) Symposium. Paper 102. Purdue University. West Lafayette, Indiana.
Meyerriecks, A.J. (1963). Florida otter preys on common gallinule. Journal of Mammal Research, 44: 425-426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1377222
Mierle, G., E.E.M. Addison, K.S. MacDonald, and D.G. Joachim. (2000). Mercury levels in tissues of otters from Ontario, Canada: Variation with age, sex, and location. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19(12): 3044–3051. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620191226
Miller, C.A., A.L. Stephenson, M.E. McCleary, L.A. Schweize, and L.K. Campbell. (2014). Illinois Otter Trapper Report. INHS Technical Report, (30). 25 pp.
Miller, M.C. (1992). Reintroduction of river otters into Great Smoky Mountain National Park. M.S., University of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee.
Mills, M. (2004). Scat-marking by river otters in Pennsylvania and Maryland. M.S., Frostburg State University. Frostburg, Maryland.
Minter, L.J., K. Ange-van Heugten, C.A. Harms, and M.K. Stoskopf. (2020). Digestible energy intake and digestive efficiency of human-managed North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Veterinary Medicine International, vol. 2020, Article ID 4307456, 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4307456
Mitchell, N. (2001). Otters in the office. The River Otter Journal, X(I): 10-11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/14_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2001.pdf
Modder, D.R. (2000). Otters that live in, not on, a bank. The River Otter Journal, IX(I): 13. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/12_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2000.pdf
Modfferi, R. and C.F. Yocum. (1980). Summer food of river otter in north coastal California lakes. Northwestern Naturalist, 61: 38–41
Money, D. (2001). Home at last! The River Otter Journal, X(I): 8-9, 12. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/14_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2001.pdf
Moore, R.K. (2003). Atypical dermatopathy in a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine. (unable to confirm additional publication information).
https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11257&id=3864940
Moore-Wilson, M. (1898). Florida otter pets. Forest and Stream, 51:84 - 85. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47235601
Morabito, P. and M. Dunn. (2008). Injection training 1.1 North American river otters using a PVC Chute. Animal Keepers Forum, 35(3): 106-108. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52888376
Morabito, P. and M.J. Bashaw. (2012). A survey of abnormal repetitive behaviors in North American river otters housed in zoos. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 15(3): 208-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2012.658334
Morejohn, G.V. (1969). Evidence of river otter feeding on freshwater mussels and range extension. California Fish and Game, 55: 83-85. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18627041
Mos, L., P.S. Ross, D. McIntosh, and S. Raverty. (2003). Canine distemper virus in river otters in British Columbia as an emergent risk for coastal pinnnipeds. Veterinary Record, 152(8): 237-239. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.152.8.237
Moss, M.L. (2015). An ethnozooarchaelogical study of land otters and people at Kit’n’Kaboodle, (49-DIX-46). Dall Island, Alaska. BC Studies, 186: 21-55. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303518238_An_Ethnozooarchaeological_Study_of_Land_Otters_and_People_at_Kit'n'Kaboodle_49-DIX-46_Dall_Island_Alaska_BC_Studies_187_21-51
Moss, T. (2013). Otter make major comeback in Illinois. The (Champaign) News-Gazette. December 29. https://www.dailyherald.com/20131225/news/otters-make-major-comeback-in-illinois/
Mowbray, E.E, J.A. Chapman, and J.R. Goldsberry. (1976). Preliminary observations on otter distribution and habitat preferences in Maryland with descriptions of otter field sign. Transactions of Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society, 33: 125-131. https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/newildlife/id/7264/rec/28
Mowbray, E.E., D. Pursley, and J.A. Chapman. (1979). The status, population characteristics, and harvest of the river otter in Maryland. Publications in Wildlife Ecology, No. 2, Maryland Wildlife Administration. 16 pp.
Mowry, R. (2010)b. Missouri research update. The River Otter Journal, XIX(II): 5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/32_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2010.pdf
Mowry, R. A., T.M. Schneider, E.K. Latch, M.E. Gompper, J. Beringer, and L.S. Eggert. (2015). Genetics and the successful reintroduction of the Missouri river otter. Animal Conservation, 18(2): 196-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12159
Mowry, R.A. (2010)a. A genetic approach to determine river otter abundance in Missouri. M.S., University of Missouri-Columbia. Columbia, Missouri.
Mowry, R.A., M.E. Gompper, J. Beringer, and L.S. Eggert. (2011). River otter population size estimation using noninvasive latrine surveys. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 75: 1625- 1636. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.193
Mudica, K. and J.C. Latimer. (2018). Bioaccumulation of Legacy Pollutants in Freshwater Systems using Lontra canadensis (North American River Otter) as Bioindicators. Conference: Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018AM-319389
Mullhollen, J. (2014). "CSI river otters:" Research Used DNA to Gauge Numbers. Pennsylvania State University. https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/csi-river-otters-animal-forensics-dna-used-estimate-population/
Mulvihill, J, (1999). An otter legend derived from the Cree Indians. The River Otter Journal, VII(II) https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/11_ROJ_Issue_Fall_1999.pdf
Mulvihill, J. (2002). How the rabbit stole the otter's coat (from Sheer, 1968. Cherokee Animal Tales). The River Otter Journal, XI(2): 9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/17_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2002.pdf
Mulvihill, J. (2005). The Penobscot otter. Adapted from "A Book of New England Legends and Folklore (Samuel Drake, 1884). The River Otter Journal, XIV(I): 11.
https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/22_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2005.pdf
Murphy, S.A., M. Dethier, and K. Dobkowski. (2014). An analysis of San Juan river otter (Lontra canadensis) diets. ResearchWorks, University of Washington. 10 pp. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/27253
Murphy, S.M., J.R. Adams, L.P. Waits. (2021). Evaluating otter reintroduction outcomes using genetic spatial capture–recapture modified for dendritic networks. Ecology and Evolution, 11(1): 15047-15061. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece.3.8187
Mychalluk, M. and E. Watton. (1982). Road-killed river otter near Wandering River, Alberta. Blue Jay, 40(4): 222. https://doi.org/10.29173/bluejay4359
Narurkar, N.S., J.S. Thomas, and D.N. Phalen. (2002). Heinz-body hemolytic anemia associated with ingestion of methylene blue in a river otter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 220(3): 363-366. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.363
National Park Service, USDI. (2012). River Otter Overview. Mississippi River and Recreation Area, Minnesota.
Neiffer, D.L., E.C. Klein, P.P. Calle, M. Linn, S.P. Terrell, R.L. Walker, D. Todd, C.C. Vice, and S.K. Marks. (2002). Mortality associated with melarsomine dihydrochloride administration in two North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) and a red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 33(3): 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2002)033[0242:MAWMDA]2.0.CO;2
Nelson, C., K. Drouillard, K. Cheng, J. Elliott, and N. Ismail, N. (2015). Accumulation of PBDEs in an urban river otter population and an unusual finding of BDE- 209. Chemosphere, 118: 322- 328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.007
Nelson, C.J. (2012). Contaminant exposure in marine foraging river otters from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. M.S., The University of British Columbia. Vancouver, British Columbia. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43482
Nelson, K.O. (2009). Environmental enrichment effects on the activity of a Nearctic river otter (Lontra canadensis). M.S., Rochester Institute of Technology. Henrietta, New York. https://repository.rit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5079&context=theses
Nelson, K.O. (2010). The effects of environmental enrichment on a stereotyped swimming pattern for a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). The River Otter Journal, XIX(I): 5, 8-10. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/31_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2010.pdf
Neuendorf, L. (2007). Stress Levels in Captive North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) dependant upon the Frequency of Behavioral Enrichment https://www.briarcliffschools.org/uploaded/High_School/Science_Research/Portfolios_2007_Seniors/2007_Lauren_Neuendorf_paper.pdf
[High school science project at Briar Cliff Schools, Briar Cliff Manor, New York 10510]
Neunteufel, E. (2007). Food washing in captive North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Ph.D., City University of New York. https://www.proquest.com/openview/69fed4b40ad0eb2422e0ec3ec51b752a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. (2006). Feasibility study: Potential for restoration of river otters in New Mexico. 59pp.
Newby, F.E. (1956). A study of the otter's food habits along a segment of the Gallatin River. Montana Fish and Game Department, P-R Job Completion Report, Project W-49-R-6, Job II-K.
Newman, D.G. and C.R. Griffin. (1994). Wetland use by river otters in Massachusetts. Journal of Wildlife Management, 58(1): 18-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/3809544
Newman, D.G., (1990). Habitat ecology of river otters in central Massachusetts. M.S., University of Massachusetts. Boston, Massachusetts.
Newton, D. (2010). Upper Clark Fork River otter project. University of Montana. Update and preliminary results.
Newton, D. and K. Forseman. (2010). Update on the distribution and abundance of river otters in the Upper Clark Fork River of western Montana. The River Otter Journal, XIX (II): 5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/32_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2010.pdf
Newton, D.A. (2012). Northern river otter population assessment and connectivity in western Montana. M.S. The University of Montana. Missoula, Montana
Nielsen, C.K. (2016). Modeling population growth and response to harvest for river otters in Illinois. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Conservation, 157: 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03210.x
Niemuth, J.N., C.W. Sanders, C.B. Mooney, C. Olfenbuttel, C.B. DePerno, and M. Stoskopf. (2014). Nephrolithiasis in free-ranging North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in North Carolina. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 45(1): 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0135R2.1
Nilsson, G. (1980)a. Present status of the river otter in the United States. pp. 126-155. In: Duplaix, N. (ed.). Proceedings of the Second Working Meeting of the Otter Specialist Group. Gainsville, Florida.
Nilsson, G. (1980)b. River otter research workshop. Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida.
Nilsson, G. and A.S. Vaughn. (1978). A turning point for the river otter. National Parks Conservation Magazine, 52: 10-15. http://npshistory.com/npca/magazine/apr-1978.pdf
Noll, J. M. (1988). Home range, movement, and natal denning of river otters (Lutra canadensis) at Kelp Bay, Baranof Island, Alaska. M.S., University of Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska.
Noordhuis, R. (2002). The river otter (Lontra canadensis) in Clarke County, Georgia, USA: Survey, food habits, and environmental factors. IUCN Otter Specialist Bulletin, 19(2): 75-86. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19/Noordhuis_2002.html
North Dakota Game and Fish. (2016). Game and Fish considering river otter season. https://gf.nd.gov/magazine/2016/nov/otter-season
Northcott, T.H. and D. Slade. (1976). A live trapping technique for river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management, 40: 163-164. https://doi.org/10.2307/3800171
Oates, S., T. Carroll, and M. Isadore. (2019). Seasonal Food Habits of the North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis) in Point Reyes National Seashore and Peyton Slough Wetlands Complex, California
O’Connor, D.J. and S.W. Nielsen. (1981). Environmental survey of methylmercury levels in wild mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) from the northeastern United States and experimental pathology of methylmercurialism in the otter. pp. 1728-1745. In: Chapman, J.A. and D. Pursley (eds.). Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings, August, 3-11, 1980. Frostburg, Maryland.
Ohio Division of Wildlife. (2011). River otter bridge survey results, 2011. Waterloo Wildlife Research Station, Athens, Ohio.
Oldham, A.R. and J.M. Black. (2009). Experimental tests of latrine use and communication by river otters. Northwestern Naturalist, 90(3): 207-211. https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN08-20.1
Olsen, A. and S. Larson. (2018). Are otters toxic? A trial in using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure contaminants is sea otter and river otter diet and feces. Presentation: Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference. https://cedar.wwu.edu/ssec/2018ssec/allsessions/360?utm_source=cedar.wwu.edu%2Fssec%2F2018ssec%2Fallsessions%2F360&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Olson, Z.H., S.S. Stevens, and T.L. Serfass. (2005). Do juvenile Nearctic river otters (Lontra canadensis) contribute to fall scent marking? Canadian Field-Naturalist, 119: 457-459. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v119i3.166
Olson, Z.H. (2006). Latrine site visitation and scent marking by river otters: Natural history and applications for monitoring. M.S., Frostburg State University. Frostburg, Maryland.
Olson, Z.H., T.L. Serfass, and O.E. Rhodes Jr. (2008). Seasonal variation in latrine site visitation and scent marking by Nearctic river otters (Lontra canadensis). IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 25(2): 108-120. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume25/Olson_et_al_2008.html
O’Neill, L., A. De Jongh, J. Ozolins, T. De Jong, and J. Rochford. (2007). Minimizing leg-hold trapping trauma for otters with mobile phone technology. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 71(8): 2776-2780. https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-482
Organ, J.F. (1989). Mercury and PCB residues in Massachusetts river otters: Comparisons on a watershed basis. Ph.D., University of Massachusetts. Amherst, Massachusetts.
Organ, J.F. and C.R. Griffin. (2004). Mercury and PCBs in Massachusetts river otters. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21A. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21A/Organ_Griffin_2004_8th_OSG_Proc.pdf
Orihel, T.C. (1965). Dirofilaria lutrae sp. n. (Nematoda:Filarioidea) from otters in the southeast United States. Journal of Parasitology, 51(3): 409-13. https://doi.org/10.2307/3275965
Ormseth, O.A. and M. Ben-David. (2000). Ingestion of oil hydrocarbons: Effects on digesta retention times and nutrient uptake in captive river otters. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 170: 419- 428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003600000119
Orr, E. (2007). North American river otter. Chattooga River Conservancy.
Ostroff, A.C. (2001). Distribution and mesohabitat characteristics of river otter in eastern Kansas. M.S., Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
Ott, K. (2005). Are there river otters in Katmai National Park? The River Otter Journal, XIV(II): 2-3. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/23_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2005.pdf
Ott, K., J. DePue, and M. Ben-David. (2005). Estimating the abundance of river otters in Kenai Fjords National Park: An update. The River Otter Journal, XIV(II): 4. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/23_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2005.pdf
Ott, K. and M. Ben-David. (2004). Estimating river otter abundance and habitat use through coastal latrine site surveys in Kenai Fjords National Park and Prince William Sound, Alaska. The River Otter Journal, XIII(II): 1 and 3. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/21_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2004.pdf
Ott, K.E. (2009). Recolonization or local reproduction? An assessment of river otter recovery in previously-oiled areas of coastal Alaska via non-invasive genetic sampling. M.S., Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming.
Owens, M., V, Alm, B. Helten, S. Shelly, and J. Reed-Smith. (2009). Summary of husbandry guidelines for North American (aka Nearctic) river otters in captivity. IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group, Otters in Captivity Task Force. 25 pp. http://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/NARO_husbandry_Guidelines_OCT_08May2009.pdf
https://riverotterecology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FinalReport_Diet_070319.pdf
Padgett-Stewart, T.M., T.M. Wilcox, K.J. Carim, K.S. McKelvey, M.K. Young, and M.K. Schwartz. (2016). An eDNA assay for river otter detection: A tool for surveying a semi-aquatic mammal. Conservation Genetics Resources, 8 (1): 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-015-0511-x
Palmer, L. (2011). Genetic structure analysis of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. M.S., East Stroudsburg University. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Park, E. (1971). The World of the Otter. J.B. Lippincott, New York. 159 pp. ISBN-13 : 978-0397008834
Parker, B.J. (1982). River otter. Canadian status report for the Committee on International Trade in Endangered Species: Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario. 35 pp.
Partridge, J. (1997). North American river otters at Bristol Zoo. International Zoo News, 44(8): 466– 472.
Partridge, J. and S. Sykes-Gatz. (2001). North American river otters in European zoos: A husbandry survey. International Zoo News, 48(4): 224-234.
Patterson, J. and M. Kiupel. (2012). Disseminated pheochromcytoma in a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 43(2): 407- 411. https://doi.org/10.1638/2011-0144.1
Pearce, K. and T. Serfass. (2017). Identifying biological characteristics of the river otter (Lontra canadensis) that support their use as an aquatic flagship species. Pathways Conference (17-20 September 2017), Session W-3D, Wildlife Tourism.
Pearce, K. J. and T.L Serfass. (2015). Influence of the River Otter (Lontra canadensis) on the formation of pro-conservation intentions in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. University of Wyoming National Park Service Research Center Annual Report, Vol. 38, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2015.4109
Pearce, K. J., T.L. Serfass, S.A. Ashcraft, and S.S. Stevens. (2017). Applying social and ecological approaches to evaluate factors influencing river otter (Lontra canadensis) visitation to fish-rearing facilities in Pennsylvania. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 63(2): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1088-3
Pearce, K.J. (2019). The influence of the river otter on aquatic conservation in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem: A socio-ecological approach to evaluating conservation flagships. PhD, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Cambridge, Maryland.
Penak, B. and T. Code. (1987). The river otter live capture program in Ontario, Canada. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 2(1): 12-20. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume2/Penak_Code_1987.html
Penland, T.F. and J.M. Black. (2009). Seasonal variation in river otter diet in coastal northern California. Northwestern Naturalist, 90(3): 233-237. https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN08-21.1
Peper, S. T., Peper, R. L., Kollias, G. V., Brooks, R. P., S.S. Stevens, and T.L. Serfass (2014). Efficacy of two canine distemper vaccines in wild Nearctic River otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 45(3): 520-526. https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0145r1.1
Pesaturo, J. (2021). River otter latrines: Finding and identifying them. Winterberry Wildlife. Camera trapping and wildlife tracking. Educational programs and blog. https://winterberrywildlife.ouroneacrefarm.com/2021/12/19/river-otter-latrines-finding-and-identifying-them/
Peterle, T.J. (1954). An observation on otter feeding. Journal of Wildlife Management, 18: 141-142. https://doi.org/10.2307/3797628
Peterson, C. (2003). River otter study on Mount Desert Island, Maine. The River Otter Journal, XII(II): 6-7. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/19_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2003.pdf
Peterson, C. (2007). Rare river otter sightings in the wild. The River Otter Journal, XVI(II): 1 and 4. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/26_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2007.pdf
Peterson, C. (2009). Fish bones and scat piles: Otters in the wild. The River Otter Journal,
Peterson, C. (2010). The River Otter Alliance turns 20. The River Otter Journal, XIX(I): 1 and 3. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/32_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2010.pdf
Peterson, C. and J. Mullvihill. (2008). ROA board members get "wild about otters". The River Otter Journal, XVII(I): 6. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/27_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2008.pdf
Peterson, E. K. and B.A. Schulte. (2016). Impacts of pollutants on beavers and otters with implications for ecosystem ramifications. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 157(1): 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2016.03212.x
Pierce, R.M. (1979). The seasonal feeding habits of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in ditches of the Great Dismal Swamp. M.S., Old Dominion University. Norfolk, Virginia.
Pikora, S. (2016). Topography and water stability preferences for den selection by the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). M.S. Western Illinois University. Macomb, Illinois.
Pitt, J.A., W.R. Clark, R.D. Andrews, K.P. Schlarbaum, D.D. Hoffman, and S.W. Pitt. (2003). Restoration and monitoring of the river otter population in Iowa. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science, 110: 7-12. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol110/iss1/4?utm_source=scholarworks.uni.edu%2Fjias%2Fvol110%2Fiss1%2F4&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Poimiroo, J. (2013). California Rambling: River Otters. Mountain Democrat, p. 4A, June 24, 2013.
Polechla Jr., P.J. (2000) b. Deep Alaskan otter ecology. The River Otter Journal, IX(I): 12, 16. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/12_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2000.pdf
Polechla Jr., P.J. (2003). Lessons of the Yup'ik Eskimo otter mask. The River Otter Journal, XII(II): 8-9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/19_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2003.pdf
Polechla, P. (1990). Action plan for North American otters. pp. 74-79. In: Foster-Turley, P., S. Macdonald and C. Mason. (eds.). IUCN/SSC. Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation. Kelvin Press, Broadview, Illinois. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6046
Polechla, P. (2010). River otter (Lontra canadensis) dietary study in the Verde River, Arizona: Otter-crayfish ecological interactions. A report commissioned by The Nature Conservancy.
Polechla, P. and S. Walker. (2008). Range extension and a case for a persistent population of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in New Mexico. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 25(1): 13-22. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume25/Polechla_Walker_2008.html
Polechla, P., J-U. Alaginar, and S. Whiteman. (1993). Agonistic behavior of a mew gull (Larus canus) toward a Nearctic river otter (Lontra canadensis) in western Alaska. The River Otter Journal, III(1): 4-5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/3_ROJ_Issue_Fall_1993.pdf
Polechla, P.J. (1987). Status of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) population in Arkansas with special reference to reproductive biology. Ph.D. University of Arkansas. Fayetteville. Arkansas.
Polechla, P.J. (1988). The Nearctic river otter. Pp. 668-682. In: Chandler, W.J. and L. Labate (eds.). Audubon Wildlife Report 1988/1989. National Audubon Society, New York, New York. 817 pp.
Polechla, P.J. (1989)a. A review of the techniques of radiotelemetry of the Nearctic river otter. pp. 14-22. In: Amlaner, C.J. (ed.). Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Biotelemetry. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville. 733 pp.
Polechla, P.J. (1989)b. More evidence of a commensal relationship between the river otter and the beaver. pp. 217-236. In: Amlaner, C.J. (ed.). Biotelemetry X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Biotelemetry. University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville. 733 pp.
Polechla, P.J. (1991). A preliminary review of the anatomy and physiology of otters (Lutrinae; Mustelidae; Carnivora). pp. 85-94. In: Reuther, C. and R. Rochert. (eds.). Proceedings of the Vth International Otter Symposium. Hankensbüttel, Germany.
Polechla, P.J. (1993). A review of the Nearctic river otter in southwestern North America: Ethnography, distribution, ecology, and taxonomy. The River Otter Journal, III: 12-13. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/3_ROJ_Issue_Fall_1993.pdf
Polechla, P.J. (1996). New host records of ticks (Acarina: Ioxidae) parasitizing the river otter (Lutra canadensis). IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 13 (1): 8-13. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume13/Polechla_1996.html
Polechla, P.J. (2000)a. A review of the natural history of the river otter (Lontra canadensis) in the southwestern United States with special reference to New Mexico. Final Report to North American Wilderness Recovery, Incorporated. Richmond, Vermont.
Polechla, P.J. and J.A. Sealander. (1985). An evaluation of the status of the river otter (Lontra canadensis) in Arkansas (Final Report, Federal Aid Project No. W-56-23). Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
Polechla, P.J. Jr. and S. Sykes. (1998). Continental report on the situation of the North American river otter. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 19A: 271-275. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Polechla, P.J., (2000) c. Ecology of the river otter and other wetland furbearers in the upper Rio Grande. Final Report to Bureau of Land Management, Taos, New Mexico. 226 pp.
Polechla, P.J., A.G. Burns, S. Rist, K.A. Moore, and J.W. Dragoo. (2004). First physical evidence of the Nearctic river otter (Lontra canadensis) collected in New Mexico, USA, since 1953. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21(2): 70 -75. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21/Polechla_Burns_et_al_2004.html
Polechla, P.J., Jr. (2001). Tracking tips...otters and other critters. The River Otter Journal, X(II). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/15_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2001.pdf
Polechla, P.J., Jr. (2002) a. Otter Place Names: You "Otter" Go There. The River Otter Journal, XI(II). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/16_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2002.pdf
Polechla, P.J., Jr. (2002) b. River otter survey of the San Juan Drainage. The River Otter Journal, XI(II): 5. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/16_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2002.pdf
Polechla, P.J., Jr. and E. Carrillo-Rubio. (2009). Historic and current distributions of river otters (Lontra canadensis) and (Lontra longicaudis) in the Río Grande or Río Bravo del Norte Drainage of Colorado and New Mexico, USA and of Chihuahua, Mexico and adjacent areas. IUCN Otter Specialists Group Bulletin, 26(2): 82-96. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume26/Polechla_Carrillo-Rubio_2009.html
Pollard, L. (1984). Return of the river otter. Outdoor Oklahoma, 40: 2.
Poole, E.L. (1954). The otter, Pennsylvania's rarest furbearer. Pennsylvania Game News, 45: 4-9.
Potter, T.M., J.A. Hanna, and L. Freer. (2007). Human North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) attack. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine, 18(1): 41-44. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1580/1080-6032(2007)18%5B41:HNAROC%5D2.0.CO;2
Powers, K. (2018). Monitoring occurrence and habitat use by river otters, Lontra canadensis, across New York state. M.S. State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse. NY. 24 pp.
Prassack, K. A. (2016). Lontra weiri, sp. nov., a Pliocene river otter (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae) from the Hagerman Fossil Beds (Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument), Idaho, U.S.A. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 36(4): e1149075 https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1149075
Price, M.H.H. and C.E.A. Aries. (2007). A river otter’s (Lontra canadensis) capture of a double- crested cormorant (Phalcrocora auritus) in British Columbian waters. The Canadian Field- Naturalist, 121(3): 325-326. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i3.483
Probasco, D.J. (2010). Evaluation of mercury levels in river otters of northeastern Texas. M.S., Tarleton State University. Stephenville, Texas.
Pursley. D. (1980). Status and management of the river otter in the United States. pp. 158-194. In: Duplaix, N. (ed.). Proceedings of the second working meeting, Otter Specialist Group, 27-29 March. Gainesville, Florida.
XVIII(II): 1, 11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/30_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2009.pdf
Quinlan, S.E. (1983). Avian and river otter predation in a storm-petrel colony. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 47(4): 1036-1043. https://doi.org/10.2307/3808162
Return to the top
Radinsky, L.B. (1968). Evolution of somatic sensory specialization in otter brains. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 134: 495-506.
Raesly, E.J. (2001). Progress and status of river otter reintroduction projects in the United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29(3): 856-862.
Ralls, K. (1990). Reintroductions. pp. 20-21. In: Foster-Turley, P., S. Macdonald and C. Mason (eds.). IUCN/SSC. Otters: An Action Plan for their Conservation, Broadview, IL. Kelvyn Press.
Reed-Smith, J . (2000). AAZK and otters. The River Otter Journal, IX(I): 10-11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/12_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2000.pdf
Reed-Smith, J. (1995). North American river otter (Lontra canadensis): Husbandry Notebook. John Ball Zoological Garden, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Reed-Smith, J. (1997). North American river otter breeding survey. John Ball Zoo, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Reed-Smith, J. (1999). When and where to see otters in zoological parks, aquariums and conservation centers. The River Otter Journal, VIII(II). https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/11_ROJ_Issue_Fall_1999.pdf
Reed-Smith, J. (2006). North American River Otter Husbandry Notebook, 2nd Edition. 2006. AOZ Task Force.
Reed-Smith, J. (2012). North American (Nearctic) river otter (Lontra canadensis) Husbandry Notebook, John Ball Zoological Garden and Core Gorsuch Foundation. 298 pp.
Reed-Smith, J. and H. Bateman. (2003). North American river otters captive breeding study: Reproductive physiology of captive North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). The River Otter Journal, XII(I): 6-8. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/18_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2003.pdf
Reed-Smith, J. and P.J. Polechla Jr. (1998). Husbandry and captive breeding of otters (Lutrinae) in North and Latin America: A Synopsis of Current Progress. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 19A: 276-281. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Reed-Smith, J. and S. Larson. (2017). Otters in captivity, pp 543-557. In: Butterworth, A. (ed.). Marine Mammal Welfare, Vol. 17. Springer International Publishing.
Reeves, K.A. (1988). Summer diet and status of river otters on Redwood Creek. M.S., Humboldt State University, Arcata, California.
Reid, D.G. (1984). Ecological interactions of river otters and beavers in a boreal ecosystem. M.S., University of Alberta. Calgary, Alberta.
Reid, D.G., M.B. Bayer, T.E. Code, and B. McLean. (1987). A possible method for estimating river otter (Lutra canadensis) populations using snow tracks. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 101: 576- 580.
Reid, D.G., S.M. Herrero, and T.E. Code. (1988). River otters as agents of water loss from beaver ponds. Journal of Mammalogy, 69(1): 100-107.
Reid, D.G., T.E. Code, A.C.H. Reid, and S.M. Herrero. (1994)a. Food habits of the river otter in a boreal ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72(7): 1306-1313.
Reid, D.G., T.E. Code, A.C.H. Reid, and S.M. Herrero. (1994)b. Spacing, movements, and habitat selection of the river otter in boreal Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72: 1314-1324.
Reid, D.G., W.E. Melquist, J.D. Woolington, and J.M. Noll. (1986). Reproductive effects of intraperitoneal transmitter implants in river otters. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 50(1): 92-94.
Reuther, C. and R. Röchert. (1991). Proceedings Vth International Otter Colloquium. Hankensbuttel, Germany. Habitat (Aktion Fischotterschutz) #6 344pp. WR251
Rhoads, S.N. (1894). New Jersey otters. Friend, 244-245.
Rhoads, S.N. (1898). Contributions to a revision of the North American beavers, otters and fishers. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 19: 417-439.
Rice, C.L. and C.J. Kulp. (1992). Concentrations of mercury and organochlorine compounds in river otter prey organisms in Pennsylvania. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service. Pennsylvania Field Office, Special Project Report. 93-103.
Riley, M.A. (1985). An analysis of masticatory form and function in three Mustelids (Martes americana, Lutra canadensis, Enhydra lutris). Journal of Mammalogy, 66(3): 519- 528.
Rinaldi. T., and A. Poe. (2004). River otters in Prince William Sound Kenai Fjords National Park: Distribution, abundance, and minimum population size based on coastal latrine site surveys. Interagency Collaborative Project Progress Report. Available from https://www.academia.edu/22059425/River_Otters_in_Prince_William_Sound_and_Kenai_Fjords_National_Park_Distribution_Relative_Abundance_and_Minimum_Population_Size_Based_on_Coastal_Latrine_Site_Surveys_Interagency_Collaborative_Project_Progress_Report
Ritenberg, J. (2021). Observational study of two ex situ North American river otters. STARS, The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal, 12(2): Article 4, pp. 34-44.
Rivera, N.A., S. Totoni, K. Monick , T. Tian, M. L. Green, J. Novakofski, and E.N. Mateus-Pinilla (2019). A comparison of three methods to evaluate otter latrine activity. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 43(1):198-207.
Roberts, N.M. (2003). River otter food habits in the Missouri Ozarks. M.S., University of Missouri. Columbia, Missouri.
Roberts, N.M., C.F. Rabeni, J.S. Stanovick, and D.A. Hamilton. (2008). River otter (Lontra canadensis) food habits in the Missouri Ozarks. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 122: 303-311.
Roberts, N.M., Crimmins, S.M., Hamilton, D.A., and E. Gallagher. (2012). Implantation and partutition dates of North American river otters (Lontra candensis). Canadian Field-Naturalist. 126(1): 28-30.
Roberts, N.M., S.M. Crimmins, D.A. Hamilton, and E. Gallagher. (2008). An evaluation of bridge-sign surveys to monitor river otter (Lontra canadensis) populations. American Midland Naturalist, 160(2): 358-363.
Roberts, N.M., M.J. Lovallo, and S.M. Crimmins. (2020). River otter status, management, and distribution in the United States: Evidence of large-scale Population Increase and Range expansion. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management. 11 (1): 279–286 DOI:https://doi.org/10.3996/102018-JFWM-093
Robson, M.S. (1982). Monitoring river otter populations: Scent stations vs. sign indices. M.S., University of Florida. Gainesville, Florida.
Robson, M.S., and S.R. Humphrey. (1985). Inefficacy of scent-stations for monitoring river otter populations. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 13(4): 558-561.
Rock, K.R., E.S. Rock, R.T. Bowyer, and J.B. Faro. (1995). Degree of association and use of a helper by coastal river otters (Lutra canadensis) in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 108: 367-369.
Roe, A.M. (2008). The effect of coastal river otters (Lontra canadensis ) on the plant community of Prince William Sound, AK, M.S., University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming.
Roe, A.M., C.B. Meyer, N.P. Nibblelink, and M. Ben-David. (2010). Differential tree and shrub production in response to fertilization and disturbance by coastal river otters in Alaska. Ecology, 91(11): 3177-3188.
Rogers, G. (2014). River otters observed living in Lake Tahoe. Tahoe Daily Tribune, March 20.
Ropek, R.M. (1990). Mercury levels in Michigan river otters in relation to population characteristics and habitat. M.S., Eastern Michigan University. Ypsilanti, Michigan.
Ropek, R.M. and R.K. Neely. (1993). Mercury levels in Michigan river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 8: 141-147.
Rosen, M. (1975). Bald eagle and river otter. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 89: 455.
Rostain, R.R. (2000). Social Behavior and olfactory communication in the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). M.S., San Francisco State University. San Francisco, California.
Rostain, R.R., M. Ben-David, P. Groves, and J.A. Randall. (2004). Why do river otters scent-mark? An experimental test of several hypotheses. Animal Behaviour, 68: 703- 711.
Rothenbacker, H. (1962). Acute microfilariasis of unknown etiology in an otter. Michigan State University Veterinarian, 23: 43-45.
Rothschild, D. (2005). Fecal glucocorticoids: a non-invasive method of measuring stress in river otters. M.S., Frostburg State University. Frostburg, Maryland.
Rothschild, D.M., T.L. Serfass, W.L. Seddon, L. Hegde, and R.S. Fritz. (2008). Using fecal glucocorticoids to assess stress levels in captive river otters. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72(1): 138-142.
Route, W.T. and R.O. Peterson. (1988). Distribution and abundance of river otter in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. Resource Management Report MWR-10, USDI National Park Service, Omaha, Nebraska.
Route, W.T. and R.O. Peterson. (1991). An incident of wolf (Canis lupus) predation on a river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Minnesota. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 105(4): 567- 568.
Roy. C.C. (1997). River otter restoration in Kansas. 15th Midwest Furbearer Workshop. Carbondale. Illinois. Abstract.
Rucker, D. (1983). River otter restoration. IMPACT.TVA-Natural Resources and the Environment. Chattanooga, Tennessee, 6: 5-7.
Rudd, W., L. Forrest, F. Lindzey, and S.W. Buskirk. (1986). River otters in Wyoming: distribution, ecology, and potential impacts from energy development. Research Report 86- 102, Wyoming Cooperative Research Unit, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. Report prepared for Wyoming Wildlife Federation.
Ruez Jr., D. R. (2015). Summer diet characteristics of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in central Illinois. The American Midland Naturalist, 173(2): 294-304.
Russell, A. (2015). Dietary patterns of Lontra canadensis in the Lower Snohomish River Estuary, Washington. Northwest Science, 89(2): 182-187.
Rutter, A.U. (2017). Survival and capture efficiency of river otters in southern Illinois. M.S. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois.
Rutter, A.U., A.T. Hanrahan, C.K. Nielsen, and E.M. Schauber. (2020). Functionality of a new live-capture device for river otters. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management, 11(1): 238–244.
Rutter, A.U., A.T. Hanrahan, C.K. Neilson, and E.M. Schauber. (2018). Survival and cause-specific mortality of river otters in southern Illinois. The American Midland Naturalist, 180(1): 160-167.
Ryder, R.A. (1954). Further investigation of fish predation by otter (Lutra c. canadensis), in Michigan. MS. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Ryder, R.A. (1955). Fish predation by the otter in Michigan. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 19(4): 497-498.
Sager-Fradkin, K. (2009). Establishing baseline information on river otter use of the lower Elwha River, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The River Otter Journal, XVIII(I): 4- 5, 11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/29_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2009.pdf
Salmon, M.H. (2005). The river otter: return of a native? New Mexico Wildlife, 50(2): 6-7.
Sanders, C., K. Pacifici, G.R. Hess, and C.S. Deperno. (2020). Metal contamination of river otters in North Carolina. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 146 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8106-8
Sanders, C.W. (2017). The status of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in North Carolina. Poster Session: 22nd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern BatDiversity Network & 27th Annual Colloquium on the Conservation of Mammals intheSoutheasternU.S. Asheville,NC.
Sanders, C.W. (2019). Reproductive parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and disease prevalence in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) across North Carolina. M.S., North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Sanders, C.W., C. Offenbuttel, C.S. DePerno, and D. Stewart. (2018). Variations in age structure in the North American river otter in North Carolina, USA. Presentation: The Wildlife Society Annual Conference, October 2018. Cleveland, OH.
Sanders, C.W., C. Offenbuttel, K. Pacifici, G.R. Hess, R.S. Livingston, and C.S. DePerno. (2020). Leptospira, Parvovirus, and Toxoplasma in the North American river otter in North Carolina. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 56(4): 791-802. https://doi.org/10.7589/2019-05-129
Sanders, C.W., C.S. DePerno, and C. Offfenbuttel. (2017). Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira ssp. and Parvovirus ssp. in North American river otter throughout North Carolina. 22nd Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Bat Diversity Network and 27th Annual Colloquium on the Conservation of Mammals in the Southeastern U.S. Asheville, N.C.
Sanders, J-G. (2019). What can otters tell us about watershed pollution? Front page of the Everett Herald, August 20, 2019. https://www.heraldnet.com/news/what-can-otters-tell-us-about-watershed-pollution/
Satterthwaite-Phillips, D., J. Novakofski, and N. Mateus-Pinilla. (2014). Fatty acid analysis as a tool to infer the diet in Illinois river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 56(1): 16 https://doi.org/10.1186/2055-0391-56-16
Satterthwaite-Phillips, D., N. Mateus-Pinilla, K. Cummings, B. Bluett, J. Novakofski, and S. Kuldeep. (2012). River otter reintroduction programs successful, but how are they impacting prey species? Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 407: 4-5.
Sauer, T.M, M. Ben-David, and R.T. Bowyer. (1999). A new application of the adaptive- kernel method: Estimating linear home ranges of river otters (Lutra canadensis). Canadian Field- Naturalist, 113: 419-424. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34235285
Saunders, B.P. and H. Mechior. (1984). Otter and beaver harvest relationships. Proceedings of the Western Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies, 64: 143-149. https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/pdfs/wildlife/research_pdfs/otter_beaver_harvest_relationships.pdf
Savage, M. (2004)a. Possible otter restoration in New Mexico. The River Otter Journal, XIII(I): 11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/20_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2004.pdf
Savage, M. (2004)b. Update on the proposal to restore river otter to New Mexico. The River Otter Journal, XIII(II): 9. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/21_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2004.pdf
Savage, M. (2007). River otters to jam in New Mexico rivers. The River Otter Journal, XVI(I): 6. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/25_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2007.pdf
Savage, M. (2008). Otters at liberty in New Mexico rivers. The River Otter Journal, XVII(II): 11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/28_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2008.pdf
Savage, M. and J. Klingel. (2003). The case for river reintroduction in New Mexico: A report to the River Otter Working Group. The Four Corners Institute. Santa Fe, New Mexico. pp. 1-10.
Savage, M. and L. Klingel. (2015). Citizen monitoring after an otter restoration (Lontra canadensis) in New Mexico, USA. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 32 (1): 21-24 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume32/Savage_Klingel_2015.html
Sawyer, T.K. (1961). The American otter, Lutra canadensis vaga, as a host for two species of trematodes previously unreported from North America. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 28(2): 175-176. http://science.peru.edu/COPA/ProcHelmSocWash_V28_N2_1961I.pdf
Schackleford, J.T. (1994). Habitat and relative abundance of river otter (Lutra canadensis) in three drainage basins of southeastern Oklahoma. M.S. University of Central Oklahoma. Edmond, Oklahoma.
Schackleford, J.T. and J. Whitaker. (1997). Relative abundance of the northern river otter (Lutra canadensis) in three drainage basins of southeastern Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 77: 93-98. https://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/OAS/article/view/5606
Scheffer, V.B. (1939). The os clitorides of the Pacific otter. Murrelet, 20: 20-21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1375960
Scheffer, V.B. (1950). Otters diving to a depth of sixty feet. Journal of Mammalogy, 34: 225. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/34.2.255
Scheffer, V.B. (1958). Long life of a river otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 39: 591. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/39.4.591
Scheffer, V.B. (1967). Probable mating of otter on Lopez Island, Washington. Murrelet, 48: 20. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3535798
Schettler, E., K. Müller, G. Fritsch, S. Kaiser, L. Brunnberg, K. Frolich, and G. Wibbelt. (2007). Progressive ataxia in a captive North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) associated with brain stem spheroid formation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 38(4): 579-582. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20460411
Schlanser, J.R., J.S. Patterson, M. Kiupel, C. Hencken, J.G. Sikarskie, and T.M. Harrison. (2012). Disseminated pheochromocytoma in North America river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 43(2): 407-411. https://doi.org/10.1638/2011-0144.1
Schneeberger, T.M. (2010). Story inspired by Squeaker, one of the otters at the Wild Center in Tupper Lake, NY. The River Otter Journal, XIX(I): 6-7. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/31_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2010.pdf
Schorger, A.W. (1970). The otter in early Wisconsin. Wisconsin Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters, 58: 129-146. https://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1970/reference/wi.wt1970.awschorger.pdf
Schreckengast, G.E., (1988). River otter reintroductions in West Virginia. M.S., West Virginia University. Morgantown, West Virginia.
Schreckengast, G.E., M.D. Edwin, and J. Cromer. (1986). Relationships of den sites and habitat use in river otters. Transactions of the Northeast Section, the Wildlife Society, 43: 70. https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/newildlife/id/9746/rec/42
Schultz, V. (1954). Status of the beaver and otter in Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 29: 73-81.
Scognamillo, D.G. (2005). Temporal and spatial harvest patterns of river otter in Louisiana and its potential use as a bioindicator species of water quality. Ph.D., Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, Lousiana.
Scordino, J. J., P. J. Gearin, S. D. Riemer, and E. M. Iwamoto. (2016). River otter (Lontra canadensis) food habits in a Washington coast watershed: Implications for a threatened species. Northwestern Naturalist, 97(1): 36-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26382443
Scott, W.E. (1939). Swimming power of the Canadian otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 20: 371. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/20.3.371
Sequeria, G.M. (1993). Evaluation of enrichment devices for captive North American river otters (Lutra canadensis). Animal Keepers Forum, 20(10): 359-363.
Serfass, T. (2003). Otter action plan. The River Otter Journal, XII(II): 10-16. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/19_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2003.pdf
Serfass, T. and P. Polechla. (2008). Lontra canadensis. In: IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 https://dx.doi.org/10.2305
Serfass, T. L., J.A. Bohrman, S.S. Stevens, and J.T. Bruskotter. (2014). Otters and anglers can share the stream! The role of social science in dissuading negative messaging about reintroduced predators. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 19(6): 532- 544. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2014.928837
Serfass, T.L. (1984). Ecology and feeding relationships of river otter (Lutra canadensis) in northeastern Pennsylvania. M.S., East Stroudsburg University. East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Serfass, T.L. (1994). Conservation genetics and reintroduction strategies for river otters. Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University. University Park, Pennsylvania.
Serfass, T.L. (1995). Cooperative foraging by North American river otters (Lutra canadensis). The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 19: 458-459. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35457314
Serfass, T.L. and D. Rothschild. (2010). Lontra canadensis. In: Steele, M., J. Merritt, M. Brittingham, and T. Maret (eds.). Terrestrial species of concern in Pennsylvania: A guide for research, conservation, and management. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Serfass, T.L. and L.M. Rymon. (1985). Success of river otters reintroduced into Pine Creek Drainage in northcentral Pennsylvania. Transactions of the Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society, 41: 138-149. https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/newildlife/id/7430/rec/39
Serfass, T.L. and R.P. Brooks. (1998). River otter reintroduction; The Pennsylvania Approach. Proceedings VIIth International Otter Colloquium, 308-319. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Serfass, T.L., C.P. Carpenter, and M.D. Triska. (2019). Monthly variation in scat marking by river otters along Tionesta Creek in northwestern Pennsylvania. Canadian Wildlife & Management, 8(1): 36-44. https://cwbm.ca/monthly-variation-in-scat-marking-by-river-otters-along-tionesta-creek-in-northwestern-pennsylvania/
Serfass, T.L., K.J. Pearce, and J. Bohrman. (2014). Evaluating the distribution of river otters and beavers throughout the Missouri and Souris River Drainages in North Dakota. Project T2-6-R (October 1, 2009-June 30, 2014). North Dakota Game and Fish Department. 113 pp. https://gf.nd.gov/publications/544
Serfass, T.L., L. Wright, K. Pearce, and N. Duplaix. (2017). Animal welfare issues pertaining to the trapping of otters for research, conservation, and fur, pp 543-571. In: Butterworth, A. (ed.). Marine Mammal Welfare, Vol. 17. Springer International Publishing.
Serfass, T.L., L.M. Rymon, and J.D. Hassinger. (1986). Development and progress of Pennsylvania’s river otter reintroduction program. pp. 332-342. In: Majumdar, S.K., F.J. Brenner, and A.F. Rhoads. (eds.). Endangered and threatened species programs in Pennsylvania and other States: Issues and management. Pennsylvania Academy of Science.
Serfass, T.L., L.M. Rymon, and R.P. Brooks. (1987). Further evaluations of river otter translocations in northeastern Pennsylvania: Transactions of The Northeast Section. The Wildlife Society, 44: 103. https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/newildlife/id/6981/rec/43
Serfass, T.L., L.M. Rymon, and R.P. Brooks. (1990). Feeding relationships of river otters in northeastern Pennsylvania. Transactions of the Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society, 47: 43- 53. https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/newildlife/id/10097/rec/46
Serfass, T.L., L.M. Rymon, and R.P. Brooks. (1992). Ectoparasites from river otters in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 28: 138-140. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-28.1.138
Serfass, T.L., M.J. Lovallo, R.P. Brooks, A.H. Hayden, and D.H. Mitcheltree. (1999). Status and distribution of river otters in Pennsylvania following a reintroduction project. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 73: 10-14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44149281
Serfass, T.L., M.S. Randall, L. Peper, M.T. Whary, and R.P. Brooks. (1993). River otter (Lutra canadensis) reintroduction in Pennsylvania: Prerelease care and clinical evaluation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 24(1): 28-40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20460311
Serfass, T.L., M.T. Whary, R.L. Peper, R.P. Brooks, T.J. Swimley, W.R. Lawrence, and C.E. Rupprecht. (1995). Rabies in a river otter (Lutra canadensis) intended for reintroduction. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 26(2): 311-314. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095480
Serfass, T.L., R. Cordes, J. Fike, S. Stevens, B. Hubbard, M. Mills and O. Rhodes, Jr. (2004). Evaluating the distribution and abundance of reintroduced otters in the Allegheny River drainage: Applications of GIS, genetic, and digital technologies for management of a rare species. Fourth Progress Report: Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Account Prepared for: The Pennsylvania Game Commission.11 pp.
Serfass, T.L., R.P. Brooks, and L.M. Rymon. (1993). Evidence of long-term survival and management by translocated river otters (Lutra canadensis). Canadian Field-Naturalist, 107: 59-63. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.357072
Serfass, T.L., R.P. Brooks, J.M. Novak, P.E. Johns, and O.E. Rhodes, Jr. (1988). Genetic variation among populations of river otters in North America: Considerations for reintroduction projects. Journal of Mammalogy, 79(3): 736-746. https://doi.org/10.2307/1383084
Serfass, T.L., R.P. Brooks, L.M. Rymon, and O.E. Rhodes, Jr. (2003). River otters in Pennsylvania, USA: Lessons for predator re-introduction. In: Conroy, J.W.H., A.C. Gudeb, J. Ruiz-Olmo, and G.M. Yoxon (eds.). Proceedings of the European Otter Conference-“Return of the Otter in Europe - Where and How.” Journal of the International Otter Survival Fund, No. 2: 22 pp. IOSF Bradford. Isle of Skye, Scotland.
Serfass, T.L., R.P. Brooks, L.M. Rymon, and O.E. Rhodes. (1998) River otters in Pennsylvania, USA: Lessons for predator reintroduction. Unpublished manuscript.
Serfass, T.L., R.P. Brooks, T.J. Swimley, L.M. Rymon, and A.H. Hayden. (1995). Considerations for capturing, handling, and translocating river otters. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 24(1): 25-31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782828
Serfass,T. L.,R.P. Brooks,R,L.M. Rymon, andO.E. Rhodes Jr.(2003).River otters in Pennsylvania, USA: Lessons for predator reintroduction. InJ. W. H.Conroy,A. C.Gutleb,J.Ruiz-Olmo, &G. M.Yuxon(Eds.), Proceedings of the European Otter Conference “Return of the Otter in Europe - Where and How” (CD-Rom).Broadford, UK:International Otter Survival Fund.
Severinghaus, C.W. and J.E. Tanck. (1948). Speed and gait of the otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 29: 71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/29.1.71
Severinghaus, C.W. and J.E. Tanck. (1948). Speed and gait of the otter. Journal of Mammalogy, 29: 71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/29.1.71
Seymour, M.S., K.E. Ott, D.A. Guertin, H.N. Golden, D.B. McDonald, and M. Ben- David. (2012). Early Holocene glacial retreat isolated populations of river otters (Lontra canadensis) along the Alaskan coast. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 90: 1136- 1148. https://doi.org/10.1139/z2012-082
Shackleford, J.T. (1995). Habitat and relative abundance of river otter, (Lutra canadensis), in three drainage basins of Southeastern Oklahoma. M.S. Thesis, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma.
Shanebeck, K.M.,C.Thacker,and C. Lagrue. (2022). Corynosoma strumosum(Acanthocephala) infection in marine foraging mink (Neogale vison) and river otter (Lontra canadensis) and associated peritonitis in a juvenile mink. Parasitology International, 89: 102579 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2022.102579
Shaner, A. (2016). Factors associated with trail use by river otter (Lontra canadensis) along the upper Mississippi River near Savanna, Illinois. M.S. Western Illinois University. Macomb, Illinois.
Shannon, J. S. (1994). Onset of self-sufficiency in free-ranging otters. Abstract of work in progress. Abstract: First Annual Conference, The Wildlife Society, p.85.
Shannon, J. S. (1998) b. Generational change in affiliation patterns in a society of marine coastal otters (Lutra canadensis). Proceedings of the VIIth International Otter Colloquium, pp. 316- 319. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Shannon, J.C. (1993). Behaviour of otters in a coastal marine habitat: Abstract of a work in progress. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 8: 23-27. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume8/Shannon_1993.html
Shannon, J.S. (1989). Social organization and behavioral ontogeny of otters (Lutra canadensis) in a coastal habitat in northern California. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 4: 8-13. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume4/Shannon_1989.html
Shannon, J.S. (1991) a. Progress on Californian otter research. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 6: 24-31. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume6/Shannon_1991.html
Shannon, J.S. (1991) b. Progress on California otter research: 1991. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 7: 29-32. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume7/Shannon_1992.html
Shannon, J.S. (1991) c. Social organization, reproductive behavior, and pup development in a coastal population of otters [Lontra (=Lutra) canadensis]. pp. 151-152. In: Reuther, C. and R. Roechert. (eds.). Proceedings of the V. International Otter Colloquium. Habitat 6, Hankensbüttel, 344 pp.
Shannon, J.S. (1997). Social organization of marine coastal otter: Overview of a work in progress, IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 14: 26-29. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume14/Shannon_1997.html
Shannon, J.S. (1998) a. Behavioral development of tters (Lutra canadensis) in a marine coastal habitat. Proceedings of the VIIth International Otter Colloquium, Trebon, Czech Republic, Part III. P. 312-315. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Shannon, J.S. (1998) b. Generational change in affiliation patterns in a society of marine coastal otters (Lontra canadensis). VIIth International Otter Colloquium, Trebon, Czech Republic. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Shannon, J.S. (1998) c. Behavior of otters in a marine coastal habitat: Summary of a work in progress. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 15(2): 114-117. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Shannon, J.S. and S.L. Moore. (1998). Intrafamilial killings in a marine coastal population of otters (Lutra canadensis). Proceedings of the VIIth International Otter Collloquium, Trebon, Czech Republic, Part III. P. 320-323. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-III.pdf
Shardlow, M., C. Paukert, K. Blecha, and P. Gipson. (2009). Distribution and population status of river otters in eastern Kansas. Final Report, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Pratt, Kansas.
Shardlow, M.R. (2005). Factors affecting the detectability and distribution of the North American river otter. M.S., Kansas State University. Manhattan, Kansas.
Sheean-Stone, O. and D. Stone. (1992). Otters. IUCN, Educational Booklets on Mammals. 32 pp.
Sheldon, W.G. and W.G. Toll. (1964). Feeding habits of river otter in a reservoir in central Massachusetts. Journal of Mammalogy, 45: 449-455. https://doi.org/10.2307/1377419
Sherr, H. and J. Bowman. (2009). A sex-based effect of parasitism on skull morphology in river otters. Ecoscience, 16(1): 119-124. https://doi.org/10.2980/16-1-3203
Shirley, M.G., R.G. Linscombe, and L.R. Sevin. (1983). A live trapping and handling technique for river otter. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 37:182-89.
Shirley, M.G., R.G. Linscombe, N.W. Kinler, R.M. Knaus, and V.L. Wright. (1988). Population estimates of river otters in a Louisiana coastal marshland. Journal of Wildlife Management, 52(3): 512-515. https://doi.org/10.2307/3801601
Shump, K.A., Jr., A.U. Shump, R.A. Aulerich, and G.A. Heidt. (1976). A bibliography of Mustelids. Part V: Otters, Michigan State University. Agriculture Experimental Station. Journal of Arts and Letters, No. 7759. 32 pp.
Siitari, K.J. (2012). A landscape perspective on the distribution and harvest of North American river otters in Michigan in relation to prey availability. M.S., Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan.
Simbeck, R. (1998). For wildlife watchers: River otter. South Carolina Wildlife, 45(2): 42- 43.
Singer, F.J., D. LaBrode, and L. Sprague. (1981). Beaver reoccupation and an analysis of the otter niche in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. U.S. National Park Service. Research Resources Management Report. R/RM/SER-40. U.S. Government Report. 82(24): 5080. https://archive.org/details/beaverreoccupati00sing
Skyer, M. (2006). Food habits of a reintroduced river otter (Lontra canadensis) population in western New York: annual diet, temporal and spatial variation in diet and prey selection conclusions. M.S. Rochester Institute of Technology. Rochester, New York.
Sleeman, J.M., D.A. Cristol, A.E. White, D.C. Evers, R.W. Gerhold, and M.K. Keel. (2010). Mercury poisoning in a free-living northern river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 46(3): 1035-1039. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.1035
Smith, L., D. Batie, and J.A. Gore. (2021). First record of a North American river otter using a cave as a natal den. Southeastern Naturalist, 20(2): N60-N64 https://doi.org/10.1656/058.020.0215
Smith, L.H. (1939). Notes on an otter fishing. Journal of Mammalogy, 20: 370-371. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/20.3.370-a
Smith,B.,E. Win, and H.D.Island.(2018). Influence of pups on abnormal repetitive behavior among two captive North American river otters (Lontra canadensis).Western Psychological Association: 28 April 2018. Marriot Waterfront, Portland, Oregon.https://osf.io/dfkzb/files/osfstorage/5afe7031d1a5a0000dfafc0e
Snyder, D.E., A.N. Hamir, V.F. Nettles, and C.E. Rupprecht. (1989). Dirofilaria immitis in a river otter (Lutra canadensis) from Louisiana. Journal of Wildlife Disease, 25: 629. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-25.4.629
Sokulov, A.S. and I.I. Sokulov. (1970). Some special features of the locomotory organs of the river and sea otters associated with their mode of life. Byulleten’Moskovskogo Obshcestua Ispytale le Prirody. Oltdel Biologichesku [Bulletin of the Moscow Obsession Ispytale Nature. Oltdel Biologically], 75: 5-17. https://eurekamag.com/research/023/636/023636744.php
Solf, J.D. (1972). The land otter in Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Notebook Series https://otters.net/solf1972.html
Somers, J., B. Goski, and M. Barrett. (1987). Organochlorine residues in northeastern Alberta otters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39: 783- 790. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01855855
Somers, J.D. (1986). Pesticide and PCB residues in northeastern Alberta otter. 35 pp. Alberta Environment Centre, AECV85-R4, Canada.
South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. (2020). South Dakota River Otter Management Plan, 2020-2029. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks Wildlife Division Report Number 2020-02, Pierre, South Dakota, USA. 57+ pp.
South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks. (2010). South Dakota river otter management plan. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Pierre, South Dakota. Wildlife Division Report 2012-07. 58 pp.
South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks. (2012). South Dakota river otter management plan. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, Wildlife Division, Number 2012-27, Pierre, South Dakota.
South Dakota. (2012). South Dakota river otter management plan. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks. Pierre, South Dakota. 57 pp.
Speich, S.M. and R.L. Pitman. (1984). River otter occurrence and predation on nesting marine birds in the Washington islands wilderness. The Murrelet, 65(1): 25-27. https://doi.org/10.2307/3534208
Spelman, L. (1999). Otter anesthesia. pp. 436-443. In: Fowler, M., and R.E. Miller. (eds.). Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 4. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Spelman, L.H. (1998). North American river otter (Lutra canadensis) translocation in North Carolina 1989-96. Proceedings of the Second Scientific Meeting of the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV), Chester UK, May 21-24, pp. 461-465.
Spelman, L.H., P.W. Sumner, J.F. Levine and M.K. Stoskopf. (1993). Field anesthesia in the North American river otter (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 24(1): 19-27 https://www.jstor.org/stable/20460309
Spelman, L.H., P.W. Sumner, W.B. Karesh, and M.K. Stoskopf. (1997). Tiletamine-zolazepam anesthesia in North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) and its partial antagonism with flumazenil. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 28(4): 418-423. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095684
Spelman, L.H., W.J. Jochem, P.W. Sumner, D.P. Redmond, and M.K. Stoskopf. (1997). Postanesthetic monitoring of core body temperature using telemetry in North American river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 28(4): 413-417. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095683
Spelmen, L.H., P.W. Sumner, J.F. Levine, and M.K. Stoskopf. (1994). Anesthesia of North American river otters (Lutra canadensis) with Medetomidine-Ketamine and reversal by Atipamezole. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 25(2): 214-223. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095366
Spencer, S. (2006). Looking at the effects of mercury on the northern river otter (Lutra canadensis) in southwestern Nova Scotia. Nova Outdoors, 15(2): 9.
Spencer, S.H., D. Shutler, and M.S. O'Brien, (2011). Correlates of mercury in female river otters (Lontra canadensis) from Nova Scotia, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 30(8): 1879-1884. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.577
Spicer, R.B. (1987). Status of the Arizona river otter (Lutra canadensis sonora) along the Colorado River in Arizona. Arizona Department of Game and Fish, prepared for Office of Endangered Species, USFWS Contract No. 14-16-0002-82 216.Albuquerque, NM.
Spindler,M., and C. Birkmeyer.(2012).Do trout anglers support the reintroduction of river otters at their fishing site? Unpublished raw data.Frostburg, MD:Frostburg State University.
Spinola, R.M. (2003). Spatiotemporal ecology of river otters translocated to western New York. Ph.D., The Pennsylvania State University. University Park, Pennsylvania.
Spinola, R.M., T.L. Serfass, and R.P. Brooks. (2008). Survival and post-release movements of river otters translocated to western New York. Northeastern Naturalist, 15(1): 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2008)15[13:SAPMOR]2.0.CO;2
Stacy, B.A., D.A. Wolf, and F.X. Wellehan. (2014). Large-scale predation by river otters (Lontra canadensis) on Florida cooter (Pseudemys floridana) and Florida softshell turtles (Apalone ferox). Journal of Wildlife Diseases: Short Communications, 50(4): 906-910. https://doi.org/10.7589/2013-10-271
Stahlecker, D.W. (1986). A survey for river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Taos and Colfax Counties, New Mexico. Contract No. 519-75-01. Report submitted to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, New Mexico. 10 pp.
Stansley, W.D., D. Velinsky, and R. Thomas. (2010). Mercury and halogenated organic contaminants in river otters (Lontra canadensis) in New Jersey, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(10): 2235-2242. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.267
Stearns, C. R. (2008). Food habits of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the Red River of the north drainage of eastern North Dakota. M.S., Frostburg State University, Frostburg, Maryland.
Stearns, C., S. Loughery, M. Triska, J. Brandt, F.K. Ammer, B.N. Newton, Z. Olsen, T. Serfass, A. Bagherian, and R. Brooks. (2010). Evaluating the distribution and abundance of river otters and other meso-carnivores in eastern North Dakota drainage: Applications of GIS, genetic and digital technologies for conservation planning. In: North Dakota Department of Game and Fish, Bismarck, North Dakota.
Stearns, C.R. and T.L. Serfass. (2011). Food habits and fish prey size selection of a newly colonizing population of river otters (Lontra canadensis) in eastern North Dakota. The American Midland Naturalist, 165: 169-184. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40983406
Stearns, C.R., D.M. Fecske, and T.L. Serfass. (2011). The use of scales to estimate the prey size of Nearctic river otters (Lontra canadensis) and other Piscivores. The American Midland Naturalist, 166: 163-176. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288695
Stenson, G. (1988). Oestrus and the vaginal smear cycle of the river otter (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 83: 605-610. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0830605
Stenson, G.B. (1985). The reproductive cycle of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in the marine environment of southwestern British Columbia. Ph.D., University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Stenson, G.B. (1986). The river otter (Lutra canadensis) in Canada. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 1(1): 14-17. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume1/Stenson_1986b.html
Stenson, G.B., G.A. Badgero, and H.D. Fisher. (1984). Food habits of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in the marine environment of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62(1): 88-91. https://doi.org/10.1139/z84-015
Stephenson, A.B. (1977). Age determination and morphological variation of Ontario otters. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 55(10): 1577-1583. https://doi.org/10.1139/z77-206
Stetz, J.B., S. Smith. M.A. Sawaya, A.B. Ramsey. S.J. Amish, M.K. Schwartz, and G. Luikart. (2016). Discovery of 20,000 RAD-SNPs and development of a 52-SNP array for monitoring river otters. Conservation Genetics Resources, 8(3): 299-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-016-0558-3
Stevens, D.R. (1980). Restoration of river otter to Rocky Mountain National Park. Rocky Mountain National Park Special Report 2. 5 pp.
Stevens, S., R.C. Cordes, and T.L. Serfass. (2004). Use of remote cameras in riparian areas: challenges and solutions. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 21A. 9 pp. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21A/Sadie_Serfass_2004_8th_OSG_Proc.pdf
Stevens, S.S. and T.L. Serfass. (2005). Sliding behavior in Nearctic river otters: Locomotion or play? Northeastern Naturalist, 12(2): 241-244. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3858640
Stevens, S.S. and T.L. Serfass. (2008). Visitation patterns and behavior of Nearctic river otter (Lontra canadensis) at latrines. Northeastern Naturalist, 15(1): 1-12. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25177078
Stevens, S.S., E.H. Just, R.C. Cordes, R.P. Brooks, and T.L. Serfass. (2011). The influence of habitat quality on the detection of river otter (Lontra canadensis) latrines near bridges. The American Midland Naturalist, 166(2): 435-445. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41288719
Stevens, S.S., J.F. Organ, and T.L. Serfass. (2011). Otters as flagships: Social and cultural considerations. Proceedings of Xth International Otter Colloquium, IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 28A: 150-161. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume28A/Stevens_et_al_2011.html
St-Georges, M., S. Nadeau, D. Lambert, and R. Decarie. (1995). Winter habitat use by ptarmigan, snowshoe hares, red foxes, and river otters in the boreal forest-tundra transition zone of western Quebec. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 73(4): 755-764. https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-089
Stokes, A.N., A.M. Ray, M.W. Buktenica, B.G. Gall, E.D. Paulson, and E.D. Brodie Jr. (2015). Otter predation on Taricha granulosa and variation in Tetrodotoxin levels with elevation. Northwestern Naturalist, 96(1): 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN13-19.1
Stophlett, J.J. (1947). Florida otters eat large terrapin. Journal of Mammalogy, 28: 183. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/28.2.183
Stoskopf, M.K., L.H. Spelman, L.H. Sumner, D.P. Redman, W.J. Jochem, and J.F. Levine. (1997). The impact of water temperature on core body temperature of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) during simulated oil spill recovery washing protocols. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 28(4): 407-412. https://www.academia.edu/112272408/The_impact_of_water_temperature_on_core_body_temperature_of_North_American_river_otters_Lutra_canadensis_during_simulated_oil_spill_recovery_washing_protocols?uc-sb-sw=16843369
Strom, S.M. (2008). Total mercury and methylmercury residues in river otters (Lutra canadensis) from Wisconsin. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54: 546-554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9053-x
Stuht, J.N. (1978). Paragonimiasis in river otter. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Wildlife Division Report, 2824: 1-2. https://michiganology.org/uncategorized/IO_b8c61b54-39de-469d-aba6-9392e3d718f5
Stuht, S. (1991). Polychlorinated biphenyls in river otter from Michigan. p.18. In: Addison, E.M., G.A. Fox, and M. Gilbertson. (eds.). Proceedings of the expert consultation meeting on mink and otter. March 5 and 6, 1991. Sponsored by Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Windsor, Ontario.
Suedmayer, W.K., G. Johnson, and M.A. Lovell. (1999). Pulmonary silicosis in three North American river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30(4): 564-572. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095923
Suggett, G. and B. Keating. (1981). River Otter sightings in southern Saskatchewan. Blue Jay, 39(2): 121-122. https://doi.org/10.29173/bluejay4468
Sutor, C. (2010). River otters: Colorado conservation comeback. Summit Daily News, July 16, 2010. https://www.summitdaily.com/news/river-otters-a-colorado-conservation-comeback/
Swanepoel, L., C.A. Cleveland, C. Offenbuttel, D. Brown, J.D. Brown, R. Tumilison, C.G. Dukes, and M.J. Yabsley. (2018). Prevalence and genetic characterization of Dinofilaria lutrae (Orihle, 1965) in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 14: 187-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.10.007
Swenk, M.H. (1918). On a new subspecies of otter from Nebraska. University Studies, University of Nebraska, 18: 1-6.
Swimley, J.T. and T.S. Hardisky. (2000). Otter population trend survey. Final Report, Project No. 06670, Job No. 67002. Pennsylvania Game Commission. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
Swimley, T.J. (1996). Predicting river otter marking sites in Pennsylvania. M.S., Pennsylvania State University. University Park, Pennsylvania.
Swimley, T.J., R.P. Brooks, and T.L. Serfass. (1999). Otter and beaver interactions in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 72: 97-101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44149272
Swimley, T.J., T.L. Serfass, R.P. Brooks, and W.M. Tzilkowski. (1998). Predicting river otter latrine sites in Pennsylvania. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26(4): 836-845. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271273524_Predicting_River_Otter_Latrine_Sites_in_Pennsylvania
Tabor, J.E. (1974). Productivity, survival, and population status of river otter in western Oregon. M.S., Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon.
Tabor, J.E. and H.M. Wight. (1977). Population status of river otter in western Oregon. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 41: 692-699. https://doi.org/10.2307/3799991
Tango, P.J. (1988). Home range of reintroduced river otter in West Virginia. M.S., West Virginia University. Morgantown, West Virginia.
Tango, P.J., E.D. Michael, and J.I. Cromer. (1988). Summer home range of reintroduced river otter in West Virginia. Transactions of the Northeast Section, the Wildlife Society, 45: 73. https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/newildlife/id/5939/rec/44
Tango, P.J., E.D. Michael, and J.I. Cromer. (1991) b. Survival and seasonal movements during river otter restoration efforts in West Virginia. Proceedings Annual Conference of the Southeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 45: 64-72. https://seafwa.org/sites/default/files/journal-articles/TANGO-64-72.pdf
Tango, P.J., E.D. Michael, and J.I. Cromer. (1991)a. Mating and first-season births in interstate transplanted river otters (Lutra canadensis) (Carnivora: Mustelidae). Brimleyana, 17: 53-55. https://archive.org/details/biostor-217897
Tarasoff, F.J. (1973). Anatomical observations on the river otter, sea otter and harp seal with reference to thermal regulation and diving. Ph.D., McGill University. Montreal, Quebec.
Tarasoff, F.J. (1974). Anatomical adaptations in the river otter, sea otter and harp seal with reference to thermal regulation. pp. 111-141. In: Harrison, R.J. (ed.). Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals, Vol.2. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Tarasoff, F.J. and G.L. Kooyman. (1973) a. Observations on the anatomy of the respiratory system of the river otter, sea otter, and harp seal. I. The topography, weight, and measurements of the lungs. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 51(2): 163-170 https://doi.org/10.1139/z73-024
Tarasoff, F.J. and G.L. Kooyman. (1973) b. Observations on the anatomy of the respiratory system of the river otter, sea otter, and harp seal. II. The trachea and bronchial tree. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 51(2): 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1139/z73-025
Tarasoff, F.J., A. Bisaillon, J. Pierard, and A.P. Whitt. (1972). Locomotory patterns and external morphology of the river otter, sea otter, and harp seal (Mammalia). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50(7): 915-929. https://doi.org/10.1139/z72-124
Taylor, C., L.K. Duffy, F.G. Plumley, and R.T. Bower. (2000). Comparison of spectrofluorometric and HPLC methods for the characterization of fecal porphyrins in river otters. Environmental Research, 84(1): 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2000.4074
Taylor, C., L.K. Duffy, R.T. Bowyer, and G.M. Blundell. (2000). Profiles of faecal porphyrins in river otters following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40: 1132-1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00073-4
Taylor, C., M. Ben-David, R.T. Bowyer, and L.K. Duffy. (2001). Response of river otters to experimental exposure of weathered crude oil: Fecal porphyrin profiles. Environmental Science and Technology, 35: 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001298w
Taylor, M., J.E. Rettig, and G.R. Smith. (2003). Diet of re-introduced river otters (Lontra canadensis) in north-central Arizona. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 18(2): 337-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2003.9664501
Taylor, R.T. , J.A. Wong, and T.L. Serfass. (2016). Stress levels in captured river otters (Lontra canadensis) decreased after transportation to reintroduction sites. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 47(4):1057-1060. https://doi.org/10.1638/2016-0008.1
Testa, J.W., D.F. Holleman, R.T. Bowyer, and J.B. Faro. (1994). Estimating populations of marine river otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, using radiotracer implants. Journal of Mammalogy, 75(4): 1021-1032. https://doi.org/10.2307/1382485
Thomas, P. (2020). Impacts of exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and their alkylate congeners in North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). PhD. University of Ottawa, Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology.
Thomas, P.J., E.E. Newell, K. Eccles, A.C. Holloway, I. Indowu, Z. Xia, E. Hassan, G. Tomy, and C. Quenneville. (2021). Co-exposures to trace elements and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) impacts North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) baculum. Chemosphere, 265: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128920
Thompson, J. (2003). The land otter totem pole. The River Otter Journal, XII(II): 6. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/19_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2003.pdf
Thompson, L. and L.L. Stelle, (2014). Prey preference of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) evaluated based on optimal foraging theory. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 31(1): 15-29. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume31/Thompson_Stelle_2014.html
Timm, L.T. (2013). Feeding biomechanics and craniodental morphology in otters (Lutrinae). Ph.D. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Timm-Davis, L.L., T.J. Dewitt, and C.D. Marshal. (2015). Divergent skull morphology supports two trophic specializations in otters (Lutrinae). PLoS ONE 10(12): e0143236. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143236
Tischbein, G. (1976). More river otter transplanted in Colorado’s west slope. Wildlife News- Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1: 2.
Tischendorf, J.S.W., C. Frazer, and T.G. Grubb. (1987). Interactions between bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus: Accipteridae) and river otters (Lutra canadensis). The Southwestern Naturalist, 32(2): 286-287. https://doi.org/10.2307/3671581
Tocidlowski, M.E., C.A. Harms, P.W. Sumner, and M.K. Stoskopf. (1999). Technique of mandibular salivary gland biopsy in river otters (Lutra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30(2): 252-255. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095853
Tocidlowski, M.E., L.H. Spelman, P.W. Sumner, and M.K. Stoskopf. (2000). Hematology and serum biochemistry parameters of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31: 484-490. https://doi.org/10.1638/1042-7260(2000)031[0484:HASBPO]2.0.CO;2
Tocidlowski, M.E., M.R. Lappin, P.W. Sumner, and M. Stoskopf. (1997). Serologic survey for toxoplasmosis in river otters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 33(3): 649-652. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-33.3.649
Toll, W.G. (1961). The ecology of the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in the Quabbin Reservation of central Massachusetts. M.S. University of Massachusetts. Amherst, Massachusetts.
Tolme, P. (2003). Looking for the lost river otters of the southwest. National Wildlife World Edition, 41(4): 48-55. https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2003/Looking-for-the-Lost-River-Otters-of-the-Southwest
Tomecek, D. (2004). Wild river and sea otter experiences along the Pacific coast. The River Otter Journal, XIII(II):10. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/21_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2004.pdf
Tomecek, D. (2007). Traveling with Otters: Tampa’s Lowry Park Zoo. The River Otter Journal, XVI(II): 10-11. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/26_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2007.pdf
Tomecek, D. (2008). Traveling with Otters: The Toronto Zoo. The River Otter Journal, XVII(II): 6-7https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/28_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2008.pdf
Tomecek, D. (2009). The Toronto Zoo-Part II. The River Otter Journal, XVIII(I): 7. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/29_ROJ_Issue_Spring_2009.pdf
Tomecek, D. (2010). Traveling with otters: Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo. The River Otter Journal, XIX(II): 6-7. https://riverotterjournal.org/publications/32_ROJ_Issue_Fall_2010.pdf
Torgerson, T. J. (2014). Latrine site selection and seasonal habitat use of a coastal river otter population. Ph.D. Humboldt State University. Arcata, California.
Toweill, D.E. (1974). Winter food habits of river otters in western Oregon. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 38(1): 107-111. https://doi.org/10.2307/3800205
Toweill, D.E. and J.E. Tabor. (1982). River otter: (Lutra canadensis). pp. 688-703. In: Chapman, J.A. and G.A. Feldhamer (eds.). Wild mammals of North American: Biology, management, and economics. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 1147 pp.
Trautman, M.B. (2004). Analysis of a collection of otter scats from the inlet of Pickerel Lake, Dickinson County, Michigan. Fisheries Research Report, No. 367. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/f/fishery/aag2862.0367.001
Triska, M.D., S.C. Loughry, and T.L. Serfass, (2011). River otters use agricultural field along the Turtle River in eastern North Dakota as crossover and latrine area. The Prairie Naturalist, 43: 52-55. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=tpn
Tseng, Z.J., A. Pacheco-Castro, O. Carranza-Castañeda, J.J. Aranda-Gómez, X. Wang, and H. Troncoso. (2017). Discovery of the fossil otter Enhydritherium terraenovae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in Mexico reconciles a palaeozoogeographic mystery.Biology Letters, 13(6):669-694. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0259
Tumilson, R., A.W. King, and V.R. McDaniel. (1986). The river otter in Arkansas. IV. Winter food habits in eastern Arkansas. Arkansas Academy of Science, 30: 76-77. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol40/iss1/25
Tumlison, C.R., A.W. King, and L. Johnson. (1981). The river otter in Arkansas. I. Distribution and harvest trends. Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Sciences, 35: 74-77. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol35/iss1/19
Tumlison, C.R., J. Harper, and K. Grant. (2022). A Study of dental pathology in river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 76(8): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.54119/jaas.2022.7607
Tumlison, R. and M. Karnes. (1987). Seasonal changes in food habits of river otters in southwestern Arkansas beaver swamps. Mammalia, 51(2): 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1515/mamm.1987.51.2.225
Tumlison, R. and R, Surf. (2018). Prevalence, structure, and distribution of novel parasite cysts containing Dracunculus species in river otters (Lontra canadensis) from Arkansas. Journal of Parasitology, 104(30): 319-321. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44810431
Tumlison, R. and S. Shalaway. (1985). An annotated bibliography on the North American river otter. Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 32 pp.
Tumlison, R., A. Surf, and H. May. (2018). Distribution of Dracunculus sp. infection in river otters (Lontra canadensis) in Arkansas. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 72(32): 181-183. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol72/iss1/32
Tumlison, R., M. Karnes, and A.W. King. (1982). The river otter in Arkansas: II. Indications of a beaver-facilitated commensal relationship. Proceedings of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 36: 73-5. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol36/iss1/22
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2001). Memo of June 15, 2001: Comments on State of Idaho request to export river otters (Lontra canadensis). Washington, DC.
Return to the top
Valkenburg, P. and A. Magoun, (1997). The river otter (Lutra canadensis) on the north slope of the Brooks Range, Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 91(30): 303-305. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/345414
Van de Velde, N. D., J. Demetrick, and P.J. Duigan. (2019). Primary pleural squamous cell carcinoma in free-ranging river otter (Lontra canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 55(3): 728-732. https://doi.org/10.7589/2018-07-181
Van Zyll de Jong, C.G. (1968). A systematic review of the Nearctic and Neotropical River Otters (order: Carnivora; family: Mustelidae). Ph.D., University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario.
Van Zyll de Jong, C.G. (1972). A systematic review of the nearctic and neotropical river otters (Genus Lutra, Mustelidae, Carnivora). Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum, No. 80: 104 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.52088
Van Zyll de Jong, C.G. (1987). A phylogenetic study of the Lutrinae (Carnivora; Mustelidae) using morphological data. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65(10): 2536- 2544. https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-383
Van Zyll de Jong, C.G. (1991). A brief review of the systematics and classification of the Lutrinae. pp. 79-83. In: Reuther, C. and R. Rochert (eds.). Proceedings of the Vth International Otter Symposium. Hankensbüttel, Germany.
Vantreese, S. (2004). State’s otter population back from the edge, booming. Lexington- Herald Leader, Page B9, December 19.
Varley, N. (1998). Yellowstone’s river otters: Enigmatic water weasels. Yellowstone Science, 6(1): 15- 18. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/yellowstonescience/upload/YS_6_1_sm_508.pdf
Verbeek, N.A.M. and J.L. Morgan. (1978). River otter predation on glaucous-winged gulls on Madarte Island, British Columbia. Murrelet, 59(3): 92-95. https://doi.org/10.2307/3535334
Volker, M.K. and I.R. Luskin. (2013). Diagnostic imaging in veterinary dental practice: Dental pulp disease in a river otter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 243(5): 631-634. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.243.5.631
Wagnon, C.J. and T.L. Serfass. (2016). Camera traps at northern river otter latrines enhance carnivore detectability along riparian areas of eastern North America. Global Ecology and Conservation, 8: 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2016.08.010
Wainstein, M., L.B. Harding, S.M. O’Neill, Boyd, D.T., Koontz, F., Miller, B., Klütsch, C.F.C., Thomas, P.J., and Ylitalo, G.M.(2022). Highly contaminated river otters (Lontra canadensis) are effective biomonitors of environmental pollutant exposure.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(10): 669-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10272-9
Walkley, S. (2018). Vocalizations of North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) in two human care populations. M.A. University of Southern Mississippi. Hattiesburg, MS.
Walkley, S. (2020). Regional differences in wild North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) behavior and communication. Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS.
Waller, A.J. (1992). Seasonal habitat use of river otters in northwestern Montana. M.S., University of Montana. Missoula, Montana.
Watcha, G.W. Jr. (unk). Beaver beaver beaver and some otter too. 84 pp. https://www.rpoutdoors.com/
Wayre, P. (1967). Breeding Canadian otters (Lutra c. canadensis) at Norfolk Wildlife Park. International Zoo Yearbook, 7: 128-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1967.tb00349.x
Weeks, D.L.D. (2020). Resilience and Sensitivity to Changing Environments in North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). PhD Dissertation, 113 pp., University of California, Merced. https://escholarship.org/content/qt3n35n9x1/qt3n35n9x1_noSplash_461e4cbefbff87d5dddccc657e8d77ae.pdf
Wegman, J, C. Wright, E. Morrison, T. Rachfal, R. Jimenez, and C.M. DeLong. (2019). A preliminary investigation of categorization and visual object constancy in North American river otters. Poster presentedat the 26th Annual International Conference on Comparative Cognition, Melbourne, FL.
Wei, Q., X. Wang, Y. Dong, Y. Shang, G. Sun, X. Wu, C. Zhao, W. Sha, and H. Zahang. (2023). Analysis of the complete mitochronrial genome of Pteroura braisiliensis and Lontra canadensis. Animals (Basil), 13(20): 3165 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203165
Weisel, J.W., C. Nagaswami, and R.O. Peterson. (2005). River otter hair structure facilitates interlocking to impede penetration of water and allow trapping of air. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 83(5): 649-655. https://doi.org/10.1139/z05-047
Wengeler W.R, D.A. Kelt, and M.L. Johnson. (2010). Ecological consequences of invasive lake trout on river otters in Yellowstone National Park. Biological Conservation, 143(5): 1144-1153. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/tdr/vol2/iss2/3
Whelan, J., K.L. Anderson, and P.F. Scanlon. (1981). Frequency of Gnathostoma miyazakii, in kidneys of river otters in Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science, 32(3): 99.
Whelan, J., K.L. Anderson-Bledsoe, and P.F. Scanlon. (1983). Prevalence of the kidney worm (Gnathostoma miyazakii) in river otters (Lutra canadensis) in Virginia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(8): 1934-1935. https://doi.org/10.1139/z83-251
White, J. and J. Hoagland. (1997). Additional observations of the long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) and the river otter (Lutra canadensis) in southeastern Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, 77: 111-112. https://ojs.library.okstate.edu/osu/index.php/OAS/article/view/5610
White, S.C., D.W. Clark, C.D. Day, and R.S. Sikes. (2007). Variation in digestive efficiency of captive North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) on various diets. Zoo Biology, 26: 41- 50. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20116
Whitney G. (1939). California river otter in Yosemite National Park. Yosemite Nature Notes, 18: 9–10.
Wilber, S.A. (2015). North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) presence and habitat analysis in Florida as compared to historical data. M.S., University of South Florida. Tampa, Florida.
Wilkie S., R.H.M Espie, N. Basu, K. Liber, and B.D. Hall. (2018). Trapped river otters (Lontra canadensis) from central Saskatchewan exhibit differences in total and organic mercury concentrations with sex and geographic location. FACETS, 3: 139- 154. https://hdl.handle.net/10294/7714
Wilkie, S, (2016). Mercury and selenium in trapped river otter (Lontra canadensis) from central Saskatchewan. An overview of a project in the Department of Biology, University of Regina. Regina, Canada.
Wilkie, S. C. (2016). Trapped river otters (Lontra canadensis) from central Saskatchewan exhibit differences in total and organic mercury concentrations with sex and geographic location. Ph.D. University of Regina. Regina, Saskatchewan.
Wilkie, S.C., B.D. Hall, and R.H.M. Espie. (2017). Total and organic mercury concentrations in trapped river otter (Lontra canadensis) from central Saskatchewan. In: Willet, E. and L.I. Kelley. (eds.). The Boreal Watershed Initiative, Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment, 25p.
William, B.D., L.K. Campbell. L.A. Schweizer, and C.A. Miller. (2015). 2014-2015 Illinois otter trapper report. Human Dimensions Research Program. Illinois Natural History Survey. INHS Technical Report (2015) August 31, 2015. 31 pp. https://human-dimensions.inhs.illinois.edu/files/2021/01/2014-15-Otter-Report.pdf
Williams, A.R. (2011). River otter (Lontra canadensis) use Phragmites australis and density estimation using genetic techniques. M.S., University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska.
Williams, T. M., M. Ben-David, S. Noren, M. Rutishauser, K. McDonald, and W. Heyward. (2002). Running energetics of the North American river otter: Do short legs necessarily reduce efficiency on land? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 133(2): 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00136-8
Williamson, R. and J.D. Clark. (2011). Evaluating interactions between river otters and muskrats at bridge crossings in Kentucky. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(6): 1314-1320. https://doi.org/10.1644/11-MAMM-A-088.1
Williamson, R.H. (2009). Muskrat-river otter interactions in and adjacent to Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. M.S., University of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee.
Wilson, A. (2013). Volatile organic chemicals in secretions and excretions of Alaska river otters. Poster at 245th American Chemical Society Meeting and Exposition (ACS Spring 2013), New Orleans, Louisiana..
Wilson, J.H., K.L. Anderson-Bledsoe, J.L. Baker, and P.F. Scanlon. (1984). Mechanical properties of river otter limb bones. Zoo Biology, 3: 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430030104
Wilson, K.A. (1954). The role of mink and otter as muskrat predators in northeastern North Carolina. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 18(2): 199-207. https://doi.org/10.2307/3797715
Wilson, K.A. (1959). The otter in North Carolina. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeast Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 13: 267-277.
Wilson, K.A. (1961). The otter is nature’s playboy. Wildlife in North Carolina.
Wilson, S. P. (2012). River otter (Lontra canadensis) home range, habitat use, overnight movement, and survival in the Platte River of Nebraska. M.S., University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska.
Winn, E. and B. Smith. Abnormal and repetitive behavior pre and post-pupping among two captive river otters. Poster Session: Pacific University, Forest Grove, Oregon
Wisbeski, D. (1967). The True Story of Okee the Otter. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN-13: 978-0671292812
Wolf-Gomez, G. A. (2020). Diet of a recently reintroduced river otter (Lontra canadensis) population in Taos County, New Mexico. M.S. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2020.107
Wolkomir, J. (1999). Welcome back otter. Wildlife Conservation, 102(1): 30-34. https://www.si.edu/sidedoor/welcome-back-otter
Woolf, A. and C.K. Nielson. (2001). Predicting growth of the reintroduced otter population in Illinois. Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory at Southern Illinois University. Carbondale, Illinois.
Woolf, A., J.L. Curl, and E. Anderson. (1984). Inanition following implantation of a radio telemetry device in a river otter. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 185: 1415-1416. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175017867634&seq=735&q1=otter
Woolf, A., R.S. Halbrook, D.T. Farrand, C. Schieler, and W. Weber. (1997). Survey of habitat and otter population status. Final Report of the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project No. W- 122-R-3. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois.
Woolington, J.D. (1984). Habitat use and movements of river otters at Kelp Bay, Baranof Island, Alaska. M.S., University of Alaska. Fairbanks, Alaska.
Wren, C. (1984). Distribution of metals in tissues of beaver, raccoon, and otters from Ontario, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 34: 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(84)90049-4
Wren, C. (1987). Contaminant research in Canada. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 2(1): 9-11. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume2/Wren_1987.html
Wren, C. (1991) a. Cause and effect linkages between chemicals and populations of mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) in the Great Lakes Basin. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 33: 549-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287399109531540
Wren, C. (1991) b. Overview of the biology, population status and sensitivity to chemicals of mink and otter. p.5. In: Addison, E.M., G.A. Fox, and M. Gilbertson. (eds.). Proceedings of the expert consultation meeting on mink and otter. March 5 and 6, 1991. Sponsored by Environment Canada and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Windsor, Ontario.
Wren, C., K. Fischer, and P. Stokes. (1988). Levels of lead, cadmium and other elements in mink and otter from Ontario, Canada. Environmental Pollution, 52: 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(88)90003-6
Wren, C., N. Cloutier, T. Lim, and N. Dave. (1987). Ra-226 concentrations in otter (Lutra canadensis) trapped near uranium tailings at Elliot Lake, Ontario. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38: 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01606663
Wren, C., P. Stokes, and K.L. Fischer (1986). Mercury levels in Ontario mink and otter relative to food levels and environmental acidification. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64: 2854-2859.
Wren, C.D. (1985). Probable cause of mercury poisoning in a wild otter (Lutra canadensis) in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 99(1): 112-114. https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-411
Wright, L., S. Larson, J. Reed-Smith, N. Duplaix, and T. Serfass. (2017). Effects on otters of pollution, fisheries, equipment, and water borne debris, pp 573-584. In: Butterworth, A. (ed.). Marine Mammal Welfare, Vol. 17. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46994-2_29
Wyman, J. (1847). On Lutra canadensis. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 2: 249- 250 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9490933
Yates, D., D. Mayack, K. Munney, D. Evers, A. Major, T. Kaur, and R. Taylor. (2005). Mercury levels in mink (Mustela vison) and river otter (Lutra canadensis) from northeastern America. Ecotoxicology, 14: 263-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-004-6273-y
Yates, D., D.C. Evers, and L. Savor. (2004). Developing a mercury exposure profile for mink and river otter in Maine. Report BRI 2004-09 submitted to Maine Department of Environmental Protection and Maine Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, BioDiversity Research Institute. Gorham, Maine.
Yeager, L.E. (1938). Otters of the delta hardwood region of Mississippi. Journal of Mammalogy, 19: 195-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/1374613
Yoxon, B. (2021). A review of trapping of North American river otters. International Otter Survival Fund, 17: 26-39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35323617
Yoxon, P. and G.M. Yoxon. (2014). Otters of the World. Whittles Publishing, Dunbeath, Scotland. 176 pp.
Zackheim, H.S. (1982). Ecology and population status of the river otter in southwestern Montana. M.S., University of Montana. Missoula, Montana.
Zalewski, J. T. (2011). Ecological factors influencing stress in northern river otters (Lontra canadensis). PhD. Humboldt State University. Arcata, California.
Zelepsky, J. and T. M. Harrison. (2010). Surveillance of rabies prevalence and bite protocols in captive animals in American zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41 (3): 474-479. https://doi.org/10.1638/2009-0229.1
Anonymous. (2019). River otters and roadways: Identifying factors leading to otter-vehicle collisions. https://sites.tufts.edu/gis/files/2019/05/Loperena-Aliris_GIS102_Sp2019-1.pdf
Anonymous. (2020). Otter trapping - How to trap. Directory of Wildlife Education & Directory of Wildlife Experts. http://www.wildlifeanimalcontrol.com/ottertrapping.html
Anonymous. (2020). How to kill an otter: With poison or other methods. Directory of Wildlife Education & Directory of Wildlife Experts. http://www.wildlifeanimalcontrol.com/otterkill.html
Anonymous. (2020). How to keep otters away: Preventative techniques. Directory of Wildlife Education & Directory of Wildlife Experts. http://www.wildlifeanimalcontrol.com/otterkeepaway.html
Anonymous. (2020). Otter repellant: Analysis of types and effectiveness. Directory of Wildlife Education & Directory of Wildlife Experts. http://www.wildlifeanimalcontrol.com/otterrepellent.html
Anonymous. (2020). How to catch an otter. Directory of Wildlife Education & Directory of Wildlife Experts http://www.wildlifeanimalcontrol.com/ottercatch.html
Arnebeck, B. (2011). Otter behavior: the way otters do things or not do things. http://bobarnebeck.com/otters/index.html
Arnebeck, B. (unk). New York State’s campaign against otters. http://bobarnebeck.com/otters/nys.html
Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies. (2014). Best management practices for trapping river otter in the United States. https://www.pgc.pa.gov/HuntTrap/TrappingandFurbearers/Documents/BMP%20Trapping%20Otter.pdf
Belt, C. (2015). River otters sighted at Mashomack Preserve. https://shelterislandreporter.timesreview.com/2015/03/06/river-otters-sighted-at-mashomack-preserve/
Black, J. M. (2020). River otter demography study: a citizen science project. Humboldt State University web site. https://wildlife.humboldt.edu/people/jeff-black/research/otter
Bottini, M. (2009). The status and distribution of the river otter (Lontra canadensis) on Long Island, New York. 26 pp. https://seatuck.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2008OtterStudyFinal.pdf
Bottini, M. (2013). River otter survey of Fishers Island, Southold, NY https://seatuck.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/FishersIs2013finalreport.pdf
Bottini, M. (2019). The natural recolonization of Long Island, New York by the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). https://seatuck.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/2018_OtterReportData-1.pdf
Camp, V.L. (2018). The Otters’ Closest relatives. 67pp. https://storage.googleapis.com/production-constantcontact-v1-0-6/406/558406/N4uv7L9o/d31766051b344dc2b4ced28cfe55d421?fileName=The%20Otters%27%20Closest%20Relatives.pdf
Camp, V.L. (2018). A Guide to the Do’s and Don’ts: Living with Otters in South Florida. 11 pp. https://storage.googleapis.com/production-constantcontact-v1-0-6/406/558406/N4uv7L9o/a89ac40fb38f48f687031aff33e16515?fileName=Guide.Do_s%20_%20Don_ts%20Living%20with%20Otters.pdf
Camp. V.L. (2018). The World’s Otters. 14 pp. https://storage.googleapis.com/production-constantcontact-v1-0-6/406/558406/N4uv7L9o/06155be33472487cb6a9b7c5934c75aa?fileName=The%20World%27s%20Otters%20.pdf
Conger, C. (2008). Why are otters playful? https://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/otters-playful.htm
Daoust, P. (2017). Accidental bycatches identify rare return of river otters to PEI. blog.healthywildlife.ca/accidental-bycatches-identify-rare-returns-river-otters-pei/0
Davis, J. (2013). River otters & rabies. https://animals.mom.com/river-otters-rabies-1278.html
Ekdale, E. Lontra canadensis, North American river otter-a side view of a skull with lower jaw attached from the University of Texas, Austin, Texas. http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Lontra_canadensis/female/
Frazee, G. (2013). Growing river otter population poses problems for landowners. Indiana Public Media News. January 2. https://indianapublicmedia.org/news/indiana-river-otters-pose- problems-for-landowners.php
Friis-Bastaad, E. (2015). Keeping Yukon’s river otters in the swim. Your Yukon, Yukon Research Center. https://www.yukon-news.com/letters-opinions/keeping-yukons-river-otters-in-the-swim/
Gyug, L. (ed.). (2008). Species-Habitat model; for northern river otter. https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/FIA/2008/LBIP_4765001h.pdf
Hamilton,D.(1999). Controversy in times of plenty: From otterless to otterful, with hearty cheers and heartfelt complaints from every direction.Missouri Department of Conservation Magazine. https://mdc.mo.gov/magazines/conservationist/1999-11/controversy-times-plenty
Hardisky, T. (2013). River Otter Management in Pennsylvania (2013-2022). Pennsylvania Game Commission * Draft*. 56 pp. https://www.pgc.pa.gov/HuntTrap/TrappingandFurbearers/Documents/PA%20Otter%20Management%20Plan%20Draft.pdf
Hill, E.P. (1994). River otters (Lutra canadensis). The Handbook: Prevention and control of wildlife damage, Paper 41. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmhandbook/41
Hotopp, A.M. T.L. Serfass, D.D. Puthuff, K.J. Pearce, and Z.H. Olson. (2018). Furbearer management: A review of genetic studies of the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis).74th Annual Northeast Fish & Wildlife Conference, Burlington, Vermont, April 15-17, 2018. Abstract Only. https://neafwa2018.sched.com/event/DxAy/furbearer-management-a-%20review-of-genetic-studies-of-the-north-american-river-otter-lontra-canadensis
Indiana Department of Natural Resources. (unk). Indiana river otter trapping: River otter trapping season. https://www.in.gov/dnr/fish-and-wildlife/hunting-and-trapping/indiana-river-otter-trapping/
Island, H.D. (2019). River otter latrine dance at Crocket Lake Preserve: A Video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qd5ejllXW4w
Kolba, Nikolai. (2015). Babesia spp in North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), Beavers (Castor canadensis), muskrats (Odontra zibethicus), and mink (Neovison vison) in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Northeast Wildlife DNA Lab. https://www.esu.edu/dna/research/infectious-disease/babesia-spp-in-north-american-river-otters.cfm
Kusa, B. (2021). Mashomack Musings: No otters but our otters. Shelter Island Reporter. Around the Island. 02/18/2021. https://shelterislandreporter.timesreview.com/2021/02/18/mashomack-musings-no-otters-but-our-otters/
Lohan, K. and K. McDonald. (2020). River otters take party pooping to a new level. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/smithsonian-environmental-research-center/2020/07/30/river-otters-take-party-pooping-new-level/
Loperena, A.. (2019). River otters and roadways: Identifying factors leading to otter-vehicle collisions. https://sites.tufts.edu/gis/files/2019/05/Loperena-Aliris_GIS102_Sp2019-1.pdf
Martin, T. (2013). On the second day of Ichnology, my island gave to me: 2 otters running. Life Traces of the Georgia coast, Unseen lives of the Georgia barrier islands. Posted December 25, 2013. http://www.georgialifetraces.com/tag/river-otters/
Martin, T. (2015). Tracking that is Otterly Delightful: Life Traces of the Georgia Coast, Unseen lives of the Georgia barrier islands. Posted December 23, 2015. http://www.georgialifetraces.com/tag/river-otter
McCormick, L. (2013). Speak up for river otters in Louisiana's Madi Gras Pass. National Wildlife Federation's BLOG, January 23, 2013. https://blog.nwf.org/2013/01/speak-up-for-river-otters-in-louisianas-mardi-gras-pass/
Memmott,M.(2012). Paying for success: River otters are being trapped again in Illinois.The Two-Way—Breaking News from NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2012/11/26/165925010/paying-for-success-river-otters-are-being-trapped-again-in-illinois
Mombourquette, A. (2018). She Otter Know. Saltscapes Magazine.
Available at: https://www.saltscapes.com/roots-folks/958-she-otter-know.html
Moore, R.K. (2003). Atypical dermatopathy in a North American river otter (Lontra canadensis). International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine Proceedings 2003. https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11257&id=3864940
National Public Radio (NPR). (2012). Overrun by otters, Illinois reinstates trapping season.NPR Transcripts. https://www.npr.org/2012/11/26/165896137/overrun-by-otters-illinois-reinstates-trapping-season
Neuendorf, L. (2007). Stress levels in captive North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) dependant upon the frequency of behavioral enrichment. http://www.briarcliffschools.org/uploaded/High_School/Science_Research/Portfolios_2007_Seniors/2007_Lauren_Neuendorf_paper.pdf
Padgett-Stewart, T. (2015). Designing an eDNA assay for river otter (Lontra canadensis) detection in streams. Intermountain Journal of Sciences, 21:101. https://arc.lib.montana.edu/ojs/index.php/IJS/article/view/981
Panella, M.J. and S.P. Wilson. (2018). Delisting proposal for North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) in Nebraska. Nebraska Game and Fish Commission. http://outdoornebraska.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/RiverOtter_DelistingProposal.pdf
Pollick,S.(2004). Ohio Otters everywhere.OhioSportsman.com. https://www.ohiosportsman.com/threads/ohio-otters-everywhere.5827/#post-69790
Powers, K., J. Frair, and A. MacDuff. (2018). Assessing the probability river otter occupancy. 74th Annual Northeast Fish & Wildlife Conference, Burlington, Vermont, April 15-17, 2018. Abstract Only. https://neafwa2018.sched.com/event/DxAw/furbearer-management-%20assessing-the-probability-of-river-otter-occupancy-in-central-new-york-state
Price,E.(2012). River otters thriving now in Indiana.TheStatehouseFile.com. http://thestatehousefile.com/river-otters-thriving-now-in-indiana/8365 (not available in the EU)
Rifenberg, J. (2020). Observational study of two ex situ North American river otters (Lontra canadensis). The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal: 12(2): Article 4.
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj/vol12/iss2/4/
river otter ecology.org. (2019). River Otter (Lontra canadensis) Monitoring Report 2018 Marin County, California https://riverotterecology.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2018-Monitoring-Report-.pdf
Rivera, N.A. and N. Mateus-Pinilla. (2021). Lessons learned from Illinois river otters. Wildlife Veterinary Epidemiology Laboratory. https://publish.illinois.edu/wildlifevetlab/2021/02/10/from-their-environment-to-their-behavior/
Roberts, N.M. and C.C. Dennison. (2017). Otter population analysis 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nathan-Roberts-5/publication/343190260_Otter_Population_Analyses_2017/links/5f1b049545851515ef454a8d/Otter-Population-Analyses-2017.pdf
Rutter, A. (2017). In search of river otters. https://lakecountynature.com/2017/10/25/in-search-of-river-otters/
Shannon, J.S. (2001). Ontogeny of behavior and self sufficiency in free-ranging otters. https://www.otters.net/development.html
Shannon, J.S. (2002). The origin of “River Otter”. https://www.otters.net/origin.html
Shannon, J.S. (2005). Identifying individual otters. https://www.otters.net/id.html
Shannon, J.S. (2007). J. David Solf - Otter research pioneer. https://www.otters.net/solf_pg1.html
Shannon, J.S. (2008). Summary of research findings: Research abstract. https://otters.net/abstract.html
Shannon, J.S. (unk). An Otter Family Album. https://otters.net/
Spencer,C.(2005). Otters, other wildlife become victims of their own recovery.Associated Press. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6852446
NCBI. (2020). NCGI Lontra canadensis Annotation Release 100. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=76717
Wainstein, M., F. Koontz, B. Miller, G. Yitalo, B. Anulacion, D. Boyd, P. Thomas, and C. Klutsch. (2018). River otters of the Green-Duwamish: Biomonitor of ecological health. https://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=2609
Wegman, J., and C.M. DeLong. (2020).Can North American river otters(Lontra canadensis)categorize 2D objects?[Conference presentation].RIT Undergraduate Research Symposium, Rochester, NY,United States. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3PbkmKArDQ
Whidbey Camano Land Trust. (2019). A professor’s passion: Studying otter behavior. https://www.wclt.org/habitchat/a-professors-passion-studying-otter-behavior/
Wolf-Gonzalez, G. A. (2020). Diet of a recently reintroduced river otter (Lontra canadensis) population in Taos County, New Mexico. Theses and Dissertations--Forestry and Natural Resources. 50. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/50/
Wolf-Gonzales, G. (2018). Diet of a reintroduced river otter population in the upper Rio Grande, New Mexico. Student Research-in-Progress Poster Display. 78th Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, January 28-31, 2018. https://midwestfishwildlifeconferen2018.sched.com/event/D56d/student-research-in-progress-poster-display-diet-of-a-reintroduced-river-otter-population-in-the-upper-rio-%20grande-new-mexico
Return to the top