IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group Bulletin

©IUCN/SCC Otter Specialist Group

Volume 38 Issue 5 (December 2021)

Citation: Shrestha, M.B., Shrestha, G., Reule, S., Oli, S., Ghartimagar, T.B., Singh, G., Tripathi, D.M., Law, C.J., Shah, K.B., and Savage, M. (2021). First Evidence of Eurasian Otter in Nepal in Three Decades IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 38 (5): 279 - 291

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First Evidence of Eurasian Otter in Nepal in Three Decades

Mohan Bikram Shrestha1*, Ganga Shrestha1,2, Swabhiman Reule1, Sundar Oli1, Tek Bahadur Ghartimagar1, Govinda Singh3, Devesh Mani Tripathi4, Chris J. Law5, Karan Bahadur Shah6, and Melissa Savage7

1 Wildlife Research & Education Network, Nepal Email: shrmohan5@gmail.com
2 Central Department of Environmental Science-Tribhuvan University, Nepal
2Barekot Rural Municipality, Jajarkot
4Department of Forest and Soil Conservation, Nepal
5American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
6Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University
7University of California, Los Angeles, USA
*Corresponding Author

Mohan Bikram Shrestha Ganga ShresthaSwabhiman Reule Sundar Oli Tek Bahadur Ghartimagar Govinda Singh Devesh Mani Tripathi Chris J. Law Karan Bahadur Shah Melissa Savage

(Received 10th April 2021, accepted 4th July 2021)

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Abstract: This study presents the first evidence of Eurasian otter presence in Nepal since 1991. Camera trap images from the Barekot River in Jajarkot District, photographic images from Tubang River in East Rukum District evidence and the skull of a dead otter are presented as documentation. Twelve craniomandibular traits measurements were carried out on a skull specimen found in the Roshi River: condylobasal length (CBL) of the cranium, measured at 111 mm, and zygomatic breadth (ZB) at 66 mm, identify the specimen as a Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). CBL and ZB measurements, flat shaped skull and longer rostrum were similar to those obtained by morphometric studies of Eurasian otter in other parts of its range.

Keywords: Eurasian otter, Barekot River, Tubang River, Roshi River, craniomandibular traits, Nepal

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INTRODUCTION

The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) has been anecdotally reported in mountain streams and rivers across Nepal. Presence of Eurasian otter was reported from Rara Lake (Bolton, 1976) and both Rupa and Begnas Lakes with photographic evidence (Acharya and Gurung, 1994), but a study in 2008 (Bhandari and Bijaya, 2008) and later in 2018 found no otter presence in those lakes (Basnet et al., 2020). Anecdotally the presence of Eurasian otter was suggested in protected areas such as the Annapurna Conservation Area, Makalu Braun National Park, Bardia National Park, Rara National Park and outside protected areas in Saptari, Chitwan, Kapilvastu, Bardia, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bajhang, Bajura, Ilam, Panchthar, Taplejung and Sankhuwasabha Districts (Biodiversity Project Profile, 1996); from the Kanchenjunga region (Yonzon, 1996); from 8 districts in the Terai and 13 districts in the hilly region (Shrestha, 1997); from West Seti River (Yonzon, 1998); from Ghodaghodi Lake of Kailali District (Kafle, 2007); and from streams and streamlets in Pyaudikhola watershed and Kapringkhola watershed of Gorkha District (Kafle, 2011). However, these presence reports are based on indirect signs and through the public reports without verifiable evidence (Basnet et al., 2020).

Anthropogenic disturbances; natural habitat degradation, sand and stone extraction from rivers, overfishing, shoreline vegetation removal, livestock grazing, irrigation canal and dam construction, frequent human activity on river bank, industrial and agricultural pollution are the causes led the decline in Eurasian otter in Nepal (Acharya and Lamsal, 2010; Acharya and Rajbhandari, 2011). The seizure of 755 skins between 1989 to 2017 may indicate that the illegal pelt trade threatens otters in Nepal, although the seizures may largely reflect transit of the pelts from India to China (Savage and Shrestha, 2018). Retaliatory killing for predation on fishes in fish farm is a factor behind extirpation of Eurasian otter in Rupa and Begnas Lakes (Bhandari and G.C, 2008). The only and last photographic evidences of Eurasian otter in Nepal by Acharya and Gurung in 1991 was from these lakes (Basnet et al., 2020). We present physical evidence of Eurasian otter presence in Nepal, from the Roshi River, Tubang River and Satichaur River in Nepal.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Evidence of Eurasian otter was collected from three rivers located in Nepal:

  1. the Barekot River in Jajarkot District (camera trap images);
  2. the Tubang River in East Rukum District (photographs); and
  3. the Roshi River in Kabhrepalanchok District (skull) (Fig. 1).
Map of Nepal, a thin rectangle from upper left (northwest) to lower right (southeast), with China to the top (north) and India to the bottom (south); the river systems are shown which also indicate relief. The three study areas are shown - Jajarkot centre left, East Rukum just left of centre, and Kabhrepalanchok centre right. Three inset maps show each of these areas in detail. In Jajarkot, the Barekot River runs from top to bottom, from its source to its confluence with the Thulibheri River; the otter sighting is in the centre stretch. In East Rukum. the shorter Tubang River runs into the Sanibheri River, and the otter sighting is at their junction. In Kabhrepalanchok, the Roshi river runs down to the Sunkoshi River; the otter sighting is near its source.
Figure 1. Sites of Eurasian otter evidence (red circles).

Barekot River

The Barekot River is located in the Barekot Rural Municipality of Jajarkot District. The Barekot River forms from the confluence of the Muslan River and Daha River which originate in the middle hills, and is joined downstream by the Karkijiula River, the Nalgad River and the Thuli Bheri River. The area has temperate climate with a dry winter and hot summer (Karki et al., 2016). River bank substrate is composed of boulders and large rocks with bank vegetation of Rhus wallichii, Alnus nepalensis, Pyrus pashia, Salix sp., Acorus calamus Berberis asiatica, Arudinaria falcate, Rubus ellipticus, Artemesia indica, Imperita cylindrical, and Urtica doica. Scattered settlements and farms in place of wider river banks prevail in the Barakot River. Two sets of camera trap (Bushnell) were set up in the Barakot River for 72 hours (8-10 June 2021) in two sites about 1200 m apart. Otter images were obtained at Golkhane Bagar (28.954360°N 82.247410°E; 1600 m above sea level (masl) and Satichaur (28.946210 °N 82.253270°E; 1549 masl) (Fig. 2). Eurasian otters were identified from these images by the IUCN Otter Specialist Group.

A shows a rocky, fast flowing river, with a high rocky bank on the near side and a lower, greener, terraced bank with large stones on the other. B shows a rocky, fast moving river with a high cliff on the left side, a greener but still steep bank on the right, and beyond a shallower sloping green bank with scrub vegetation. C shows a night vision camera trap photo of an otter standing on rocks, body towards the camera, head turned to the left. Front paw and head are clearly shown. D is night vision camera trap photo, showing an otter standing on rocks, facing the camera. One front and back paw are clear as is the head and muzzle. E is night vision camera trap photo, showing an otter moving away to the top left. The head is cropped, but the back legs and tail are clearly shown.
Figure 2. a) Camera trap locations on the Barakot River, at Golkhane Bagar b) in Satichaur c) lateral view of camera trap otter image, d) frontal view of camera trap image of otter and, e) camera trap image of body and tail of otter. (Photograph: G. Singh)

Tubang River

The Tubang River originate in the hills north of Pwang Village in Sisne Rural Municipality that flows southward to a confluence with the Sanibheri River at the Tiptara in Naighad Village. The Tubang River is a small tributary of the Sanibheri River. The water flow during the monsoon season increases, but decreases markedly in the winter season. The area has a temperate climate with dry winters and hot summers (Karki et al., 2016). The river bank is comprised of rock boulders and bank vegetation of Woodifordia fruticosa, Bauhinia variegate, Phyllanthus emblica, Pinus roxburgii, Debregaesia longifolia, Artemesia indica, Imperita cylindrical etc. An injured young otter was captured on 20 June 2021 from the Tubang River (28.675957 82.672678; 1337 masl) about 100 m before the river confluence with the Sanibheri River at the Tiptara in Naighad Village. The otter photographs were identified as Eurasian otter by the IUCN Otter Specialist Group (Fig. 3).

A is a young otter in a basket, seen from the top, the dorsal head view and paws on one side being particularly clear. B is the same otter with a clear lateral view of the head. C is the same otter with the mouth open, showing teeth. D is the same otter, a close up of the head from above.
Figure 3. Eurasian otter photographs. (Photograph: S. Reule)

Roshi River

The Roshi River originates in the hills (27.576041°N 85.442487°E; 1900 masl)) at the western border of Kavrepalanchok District and flows through the Panauti Valley to the confluence with the Sunkoshi River downstream (27.450650°N 85.821285°E; 530 masl).  The area has a temperate climate with dry winters and warm summers (Karki et al., 2016). River bank species include Alnus nepalensis, Prunus cerasoides, Ziziphus incurve, Woordfordia fruticose, Choerospindias axillaris, Melia azedarch, Albizia procera, Urtica dioica, Bidens pilosa, Adenophora ageratina, Artemesia indica and Ageratum conyzoides. In 2020, a skull of a dead otter was found in duck farmer’s cottage near the Roshi River in the Panauti Suburb area (27.5771510°N 85.530524°E; 1374 masl) (Fig. 4). A single otter scat was also recorded on the boulder in a pool at the location (Fig. 4). Scat was identified by the prey species remnants, fragments of fish and and feather fragments and a fishy odor (Macdonald, 1990; Kruuk, 1995).

A shows twenty six brown, black and white dugs in a pond with a dam at the top left to hold the water back; a duck is standing on the dam. B shows dried otter spraint on a rock with a mobile phone for scale; the scat clearly contains duck feathers as well as verious bones and shells. C shows the dorsal view of a dried out otter skull with some fur still attached, one a felt mat, with a camera lens cap for scale. D shows lateral view of the same otter skull; the head shape, fur colour and texture, and dentition are still clear. E shows front view of the same otter skull; the flattened head shape, fur colour and texture, and dentition are very clear. F shows a fast flowing small river with large rocks, a stony shore, sparse grass, reeds and dense vegetation, and electric wires strung across it.
Figure 4. a) Duck in dammed pools in the Roshi River, b) otter scat with duck feathers, c) dorsal view of skull d) side view of skull e) frontal view of skull, and f) habitat site (Photograph: M. B. Shrestha).

The skull had dried with skin and muscle tissue attached (Fig. 4). We cleaned the tissue from the specimen and took 12 craniomandibular measurements following Law et al. (2016) (Fig. 5; Table 1). The skull was photographed from 4 perspectives: 1) cranium in dorsal view, photographed by orienting the palate plane parallel to the photographic plane; 2) cranium in ventral view, photographed by orienting the palate plane parallel to the photographic plane; 3) cranium in lateral view, photographed by orienting the midsagittal plane parallel to the photographic plane; and 4) mandible in lateral view, photographed by orienting the long axis of the dentary parallel to the photographic plane. Photographs were taken using Canon EOS Kiss X80 with 18-55mm kit lens. A ruler with 1 mm intervals was used for measuring and placed as scale bar.

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Figure 5. a) Duck in dammed pools in the Roshi River, b) otter scat with duck feathers, c) dorsal view of skull d) side view of skull e) frontal view of skull, and f) habitat site (Photograph: M. B. Shrestha).
Table 1: Twelve craniomandibular traits used to evaluate the skull specimen.
Craniomandibular Traits Description
Condylobasal Length (CBL) Distance from the anterior-most point on the premaxillae to the plane of the posterior surface of the occipital condyles
Postorbital Constriction Breadth (POC) Least distance across the postorbital constriction
Zygomatic Breadth (ZB) Greatest distance across the zygomatic arches
Mastoid Breadth (MB) Greatest distance across the mastoid processes
Palatal Length (PL) Distance from the anterior-most point on the premaxillae to the posterior-most point on the palatine process of the palatine
Canine Alveoli Breadth (CAB) Greatest distance across the lateralmost points on the canine alveoli
Maximum Palatable Breadth (MPB) Greatest distance between the lateralmost points on the upper 1st molar alveoli
Cranial Height (CH) Distance (perpendicular to the palate plane) from the lateralmost point of the mastoid process to the point of the sagittal crest directly superior to the mastoid process
Canine Out-lever (CO) Distance from the lateralmost point of the condyle process to the anterior-most point of the lower canine alveolus
Molar Out-level (MO) Distance from the lateralmost point of the condyle process to the lower 1st molar, specifically the point where the mesial and distal roots coverage on the root trunk
Moment Arm of Temporalis (in-lever) (MAT) Distance from the lateralmost point of the mandibular condyle to the dorsal tip of the coronoid process
Moment Arm of Masseter (in-lever) (MAM) Distance from the lateralmost point of the mandibular condyle to the anterior edge of the masseteric fossa

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The morphological characteristics of the images confirm the evidence as Eurasian otters: a flattened head; nostrils, eyes and ears in one line; webbed feet with thinly webbed hind paws; long, tapering and muscular tail; medium to dark brown coloration with pale fur at the throat/neck and underparts; and guard hairs of the wet fur in long regular spikes (Melissen, 2000; Duplaix, N., Pers. Comm.). The measurements of craniomandibular traits of the skull identify it as a Eurasian otter (Fig. 6): a CBL measuring 111mm; ZB-66mm; POC-17mm; MB-62mm; PL-62mm; CAB-25mm; MPB-25mm; CH-35mm; CO-65mm; MO-65mm; MAT-25mm; and MAM-25mm (Table 2).

Dorsal view of cleaned cranium Ventral view of cleaned cranium Lateral view of cleaned cranium Lateral view of cleaned lower mandible
Figure 6. Dorsal, ventral and lateral view of skull specimen and lateral view of mandible (Photograph by M. B. Shrestha).
Table 2: Measurement values of craniomandibular traits of skull
Craniomandibular Traits Measurement (mm)
CBL 111
ZB 66
POC 17
MB 62
PL 61
CAB 25
MPB 35
CH 36
CO 65
MO 40
MAT 25
MAM 25

Of the Eurasian otter cranial morphology studies, selected craniomandibular traits are somewhat variable. Lynch and O’Sullivan (1993) had 11 craniomandibular traits; while Ansorge and Stubbe (1995) had 10 traits and Rasooli et al. (2007) had 6 craniomandibular traits in Eurasian otter skull study. Hwang and Larivière (2005) had 6 craniomandibular traits measurement in Smooth-coated otter skull study. Cranial morphology has been used in taxonomic studies of mammals (Lynch and O’Sullivan, 1993). But, the inconsistency in traits between the studies and mere cranial morphology study primarily in Smooth-coated otter skull have been a limiting factor for identification of otter species through cranial morphology. Of twelve craniomandibular traits of Eurasian otters have CBL and ZB as identifying traits (Lynch and O’Sullivan, 1993; Ansorge and Stubbe, 1995; Rasooli et al., 2007).

The measurements of this skull specimen of CBL (111mm) and ZB (66mm) match Eurasian otter skull values from other parts of the world. For example, CBL values in 26 male and 21 female Eurasian otter from Ireland ranged from 110.9-122.7 mm and 102.6-113.5mm respectively; and ZB values ranged from 66.6-76.5mm and 62.5-71.5mm respectively (Lynch and O’Sullivan, 1993). The CBL and ZB of the Roshi River skull show similar measurements to those in study by Ansorge and Stubbe (1995). CBL values in 102 male and 64 female Eurasian otters from Germany ranged from 106.1-124.3 mm and 104.1-121.0 mm respectively (Ansorge and Stubbe, 1995); and ZB values for 96 male and 58 female Eurasian otters, and ranged from 65.9-81.5 mm and 61.8-74.8 mm, respectively (Ansorge and Stubbe, 1995).  Rosooli et al. (2007) measured CBL of 9 male and 12 female Eurasian otter in Iran ranged from 110.2-124.9 mm and 110.8-113.2mm respectively, and for ZB of 8 males and 9 female Eurasian otter, ZB values ranged from 71.6-81.2mm and 66.7-74.1 mm respectively (Rosooli et al., 2007).

The CBL and ZB value of the Roshi River skull specimen show similar values with the CBL and ZB value of female Smooth-coated otter by Hwang and Larivière (2005). However, the cranial morphology is different. The Smooth-coated otter has a high domed skull with the eyes set more forward and more widely spaced compared to the flat skull of Eurasian otters (Fig. 7) (Otterjoy, 2021). And the rostrum of the Smooth-coated otter is shorter (Hwang and Larivière, 2005) relative to the longer rostrum of the Eurasian otter (Fig. 8).

TWo drawings of frontal views of otter skulls: A is the Eurasian otter, with a flattened cranium, and B is the Smooth-Coated otter, showing the domed cranium. Frontal view of the cleaned otter skull specimen clearly showing its flattened cranial contours.
Figure 7. Sketch of frontal view of skull of otters. a) Eurasian otter Lutra lutra, b) Smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata and c) frontal view of skull from the Roshi river for comparison with sketch of Lutra lutra (a) and Smooth-coated otter (b) drawn by Bree (1968). (Photograph adopted from Otterjoy.com)

A skull specimen of the smooth-coated otter, with a short snout The cleaned skull specimen in this study with a markedly longer snout.
Figure 8. Lateral view of skull of a) L. perspicilliate adopted from Hwang and Larivière (2005) and b) L. lutra from the Roshi River for comparison of rostrum

CONCLUSION

The camera trap images from the Barekot River, Jajarkot, photographs of Eurasian otter from the Tubang River, East Rukum and craniomandibular trait measurements of a skull specimen obtained in the Roshi River, Kavrepalanchok all confirm the continued presence of Eurasian otters in the hill streams in Nepal. Further study would elucidate the distribution of Eurasian otters in this region. A public awareness program for duck farmers and villagers along the Roshi River, including sensitization workshop for local conservation authorities, would help to conserve this rare species in Nepal.

Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the Department of Forest and Soil Conservation-Government of forest for permission to conduct study in East Rukum. We are grateful to duck farmers of the Roshi River for providing information and the skull specimen and Madan Khadka for providing information of otter presence in Tubang River, East Rukum. We thank Nicole Duplaix for identification of otter images, photographs and otter scat and IUCN Otter Specialist Group and Himalayan Otter Network, for financial support.

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Résumé: Première Évidence de la Presence de la Loutre Eurasienne au Népal en Trente Ans
Cette étude présente la première preuve de la présence de la loutre eurasienne au Népal depuis 1991. Des images de pièges photographiques de la rivière Barekot dans le district de Jajarkot, des images photographiques de la rivière Tubang dans le district de l’Est Rukum et le crâne d'une loutre morte sont présentés comme documents. Douze mesures de traits cranio-mandibulaires ont été effectuées sur un spécimen de crâne trouvé dans la rivière Roshi : la longueur condylo-basale (CBL) du crâne de 111 mm, et la largeur zygomatique (ZB) de 66 mm, permettent d’identifier le spécimen comme une loutre eurasienne (Lutra lutra). Les mesures CBL et ZB, crâne de forme plate et rostre plus long, étaient similaires à celles obtenues par les études morphométriques de la loutre eurasienne dans d'autres zones de son aire de répartition.
Revenez au dessus

Resumen: Primera Evidencia de Nutria Eurasiática dn Nepal dn Tres Décadas
Este estudio presenta la primera evidencia de presencia de Nutria Eurasiática en Nepal desde 1991. Presentamos como documentación, imágenes de cámara-trampa el Río Barekot en el Distrito Jajarkot, imágenes fotográficas del Río Tubang en el Distrito Rukum Oriental, y el cráneo de una nutria muerta. Llevamos a cabo doce mediciones de rasgos craniomandibulares en un cráneo encontrado en el Río Roshi: la longitud condilobasal (LCB) de la caja craneana, de 111 mm, y el ancho zigomático (AZ) de 66 mm, identifican al espécimen como una nutria Eurasiática (Lutra lutra). Las medidas LCB y AZ, el cráneo de forma achatada y el rostrum más largo, fueron similares a lo obtenido por estudios morfométricos de la nutria Eurasiática en otras porciones de su distribución.
Vuelva a la tapa

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